Nhoroondo yeKubudirira kweAnthropology seSainzi
Anthropology, sechidzidzo chesainzi chakatsaurirwa kudzidza nezvevanhu mumativi avo ese, ine nhoroondo yakareba uye yakaoma. Kushanduka kwayo kunoratidzwa nekuchinja kwemaonero, kufambira mberi kwemaitiro, uye maonero anochinja pamusoro pezvinoreva kuva munhu. Chinyorwa chino chichaongorora nhoroondo yeanthropology, ichiratidza nguva dzayo dzinokosha, vanhu vakakosha, uye pfungwa dzinoshandura.
Midzi Yekutanga uye Zviitiko Zvisati Zvaitika
Pfungwa dzevanhu dzinogona kutsvaga mavambo ayo kutsika dzekare, uko vazivi nevanyori venhoroondo vakaita saHerodotus naIbn Khaldun vakatsvaga kunzwisisa magariro evanhu nekusiyana kwetsika. MuGreece yekare, kuferefeta kwaHerodotus mutsika dzakasiyana kwakaisa hwaro hwekuferefeta nezvetsika dzevanhu. Saizvozvowo, Ibn Khaldun, mufungi wekuNorth Africa wezana remakore rechi14, akataura dzidziso dzekubatana kwevanhu uye mafambiro enhoroondo dzinoenderana nepfungwa dzemazuva ano dzevanhu.
Zvisinei, kuedza uku kwekutanga kwakanga kusina nzira dzakarongeka uye chimiro chekuenzanisa chaizozotsanangura anthropology sesainzi. Nguva yeKujekeswa muzana remakore rechi18 yakaratidza shanduko huru, sezvo vazivi vekuEurope, kusanganisira vazivi vakaita saJohn Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, naImmanuel Kant, vakatanga kudzidza hunhu hwevanhu, nzanga, netsika. Nguva iyi yakasimbisa kunzwisisa, kutarisa kwezviitiko, uye kuferefeta kwakakosha, zvichiisa hwaro hweanthropology senzira yesainzi.
Kuzvarwa kweAnthropology seChidzidzo
Muzana remakore rechi19 makaona kubuda kweruzivo rwevanhu senzira yedzidzo yakasiyana. Nguva iyi yaizivikanwa nekuwedzera kufarira kunzwisisa nzanga dzisiri dzemuEurope, zvichikonzerwa nekuwedzera kwetsika dzevakoloni uye kusangana netsika dzakasiyana-siyana. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzenguva iyi dzaiwanzoshanda dzichishandira hurumende dzevakoloni, dzichidzidza nezvevanhu veko kuti vabatsire mukutonga.
Mumwe wevanhu vakakosha mukukura kweanthropology aive Sir Edward Burnett Tylor, nyanzvi yeanthropology yeChirungu inowanzoonekwa sababa veanthropology yetsika. Basa rake guru, "Primitive Culture" (1871), rakaunza pfungwa yetsika sechinhu chakaoma chinosanganisira ruzivo, zvitendero, hunyanzvi, tsika, mutemo, tsika, nezvimwe hunyanzvi zvinowanikwa nevanhu senhengo dzenzanga. Nzira yaTylor yekuenzanisa uye hurongwa hwake hwekushanduka-shanduka, izvo zvaiti nzanga dzakafambira mberi kubva padanho re "kare" kuenda kudanho re "budiriro", zvakapesvedzera zvikuru dzidziso iyi.
Mumwe munhu akakosha aive Lewis Henry Morgan, nyanzvi yezvevanhu vekuAmerica akaita basa guru rekuongorora tsika dzevanhu pakati pemadzinza eNative America. Bhuku rake rinonzi "Ancient Society" (1877) rakaisa kupatsanurwa kwekushanduka-shanduka kwevanhu muzvikamu zvitatu: hutsinye, hutsinye, uye budiriro. Pasinei nekufambira mberi uye kazhinji kwemarudzi ekupatsanura aya, basa raMorgan rakaisa hwaro hwakakosha hwedzidziso dzezvevanhu dzakazotevera.
Chimurenga cheBoasian uye Kumuka kweCultural Relativism
Kutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 kwakaratidza nguva yekuchinja mune zveanthropology, ichitungamirwa naFranz Boas, nyanzvi yezveanthropology yakaberekerwa kuGermany iyo yakava munhu mukuru muAmerican anthropology. Boas akapikisa zvakasimba mamodheru ekushanduka-shanduka aTylor naMorgan, achitsigira kuti tsika dzienderane nemamiriro ezvinhu uye nhoroondo inoenderana. Akataura kuti tsika yega yega yakasiyana, yakaumbwa nemamiriro ayo enhoroondo uye ezvakatipoteredza, uye inofanira kudzidzwa maererano nemamiriro ayo ega kwete kuburikidza nehurongwa hwekushanduka-shanduka hweEurocentric.
Boas akasimbisa kukosha kwebasa remumunda uye kuongorora zvinhu zvakamboitika, achikurudzira vanoongorora tsika dzevanhu kuti vazvinyure mutsika dzavakadzidza. Kusimbirira kwake pakuunganidzwa kwedata kwakasimba uye kutsoropodza kwake kusarudzwa kwemarudzi kwakaunza kusanzwisisika kwesainzi uye divi retsika kudzidzo yevanhu. Vadzidzi vaBoas, kusanganisira Margaret Mead, Ruth Benedict, naAlfred Kroeber, vakavandudza pfungwa dzake zvakanyanya uye vakadziita kuti dzifarirwe, vachigadzira nhaka inogara kwenguva refu mudzidzo iyi.
Kuumbwa kweMagadzirirwo uye Kushanda Kwemabasa
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20 pakava nekumuka kwenzira itsva dzedzidziso mukudzidza nezvevanhu. Hurongwa hwekuvaka, hwakatangwa nenyanzvi yezvevanhu yekuFrance Claude Lévi-Strauss, hwakaedza kuburitsa pachena maumbirwo epfungwa netsika dzevanhu. Lévi-Strauss akataura kuti tsika dzevanhu, pasinei nekusiyana kwadzo pamusoro, dzine maumbirwo akadzika akafanana akadzika midzi mupfungwa dzevanhu. Basa rake pamusoro pengano, hukama, uye zvinopesana zviviri zvinoratidza mativi ese ekuziva kwevanhu nekutaurirana.
Panguva imwe chete, functionalism yakabuda senzira huru, kunyanya kuburikidza nebasa raBronisław Malinowski naAlfred Radcliffe-Brown. Functionalism inotarisa pakunzwisisa mabasa nemabasa etsika nemasangano munharaunda. Basa raMalinowski muTrobriand Islands nepfungwa yake yekutarisa vatori vechikamu zvakaisa zviyero zvitsva zvekutsvagisa ethnography, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwekugara munharaunda kuti uwane kunzwisisa kwakazara kwetsika dzayo.
Kutendeuka kwePostmodern
Chikamu chekupedzisira chezana remakore rechi20 chakaona kuchinja kwemaonero evanhu kuchikonzerwa nemafungiro emazuva ano. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzakatanga kusava nechokwadi nezvekusava nehanya uye simba redzidziso yavo, vachiziva simba remasimba, kumiririrwa, uye kuzvibata mubasa rezvevanhu. Sangano re "tsika dzekunyora", raitungamirirwa nenyanzvi dzakadai saJames Clifford naGeorge Marcus, rakadana kudzokororwa uye kuziva wega mukunyora kwevanhu, richisimbisa kukosha kwekufunga nezvenzvimbo yemuongorori uye hunhu hwenyaya dzezvevanhu.
Uyezve, dzidziso yevanhukadzi, inotungamirwa nevanhu vakaita saSherry Ortner naGayle Rubin, yakapikisa rusaruro rwevanhurume mukutsvagurudza kwevanhu nedzidziso. Nyanzvi dzedzidzo yevanhukadzi dzakaratidza kukosha kwehunhu hwevakadzi sechinhu chakakosha chechimiro chemagariro evanhu uye zvinoreva tsika, zvichivhura nzira itsva dzekunzwisisa hukama hwesimba uye hunhu.
Mafambiro Emazuva Ano uye Nzira Dzekudzidzisa Dzidziso Dzakasiyana-siyana
Anthropology muzana remakore rechi21 inozivikanwa nekusiyana kwayo mumabasa akasiyana-siyana uye kubatanidzwa kwayo munyaya dzepasi rose. Nyanzvi dzeanthropology dziri kuramba dzichishanda pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzinobva muzvikamu zvakaita sesociology, nhoroondo, mitauro, uye biology, zvichiwedzera ongororo dzavo nemaonero akasiyana-siyana. Kuuya kwetekinoroji yedhijitari nekudyidzana kwenyika kwakawedzerawo mukana wekuferefeta kwevanhu, zvichibvumira vaongorori kuongorora nharaunda dziri paindaneti, network dzepasi rose, uye kukanganisa kwenhau dzedhijitari patsika.
Nyanzvi dzemazuva ano dzezvevanhu dzinotarisana nematambudziko makuru akadai sekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, kutama kwevanhu, kusawirirana kwehutano, uye kururamisira munharaunda. Vanoedza kushandisa ruzivo rwavo rwetsika kugadzirisa matambudziko chaiwo enyika, kutsigira vanosiyiwa uye kupawo muhurukuro dzezvematongerwo enyika. Iyi nzira inoshandiswa yekuongorora vanhu inoratidza kukosha kwayo kusingaperi uye kuzvipira kwayo kunzwisisa nekugadzirisa mamiriro evanhu.
mhedziso
Nhoroondo yeanthropology sesainzi inoratidza hunhu hwayo hunoshanduka uye hunochinja, hwakaumbwa nepfungwa, hunyanzvi hwekugadzira, uye mamiriro enharaunda anochinja. Kubva pamidzi yayo yekutanga yekufungidzira kusvika pari zvino yekudyidzana kwemasangano akasiyana uye anobatanidzwa munharaunda, anthropology yakaramba ichizvigadzirisa kuti inzwisise zviri nani kuoma kwehupenyu hwevanhu. Sezvainofambira mberi, anthropology inoramba yakazvipira kunheyo dzayo dzekutanga dzetsika dzinoenderana, kuoma kwemaonero, uye mutoro wetsika, ichivimbisa mupiro wayo unogara uripo mukudzidza kwevanhu.
