Forensic Anthropology uye Mashandisirwo Ayo Mumutemo
Forensic anthropology, chikamu chakakosha mukati meanthropology, chinoita basa rakakosha mumutemo nekushandisa matekiniki ekuongorora skeletal kugadzirisa nyaya dzemhosva uye kupa mhinduro mumamiriro emutemo. Basa iri rinobatanidza misimboti yeanthropology, mushonga, uye sainzi yeforensic kuongorora zvisaririra zvevanhu zvakaora zvisingazivikanwe. Chinangwa cheanthropology yeforensic chakawanda: kuziva vanhu vakafa, kuona chikonzero cherufu, uye kupa humbowo hwakavakirwa pasainzi mukuferefeta kwemutemo. Chinyorwa chinotevera chinotarisa muchikamu cheanthropology yeforensic uye kushandiswa kwayo kwakadzama munzvimbo yemutemo.
Historical Context uye Development
Hwaro hwekuongorora nhoroondo dzevanhu hunotangira kuGreece yekare, asi hwakatanga kuzviumba kuva chidzidzo chinozivikanwa muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20. Nyanzvi dzakadai saThomas Dwight, anonzi "baba vekuongorora nhoroondo dzevanhu muUnited States," ndivo vakatanga nzira dzekudzidza nezvemapfupa evanhu. Chidzidzo ichi chakafambira mberi zvakanyanya nenyaya dzakakosha dzakadai sekupatsanurwa kwemabasa eSmithsonian Institution panguva yeHondo Yenyika II uye kushanda pamwe chete neFBI pakuferefeta nzvimbo dzemhosva.
Basa reForensic Anthropologist
Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinonyanya kutarisirwa kuongorora zvisaririra zvemapfupa kuti dzione kuti zvakafa uye zvakakonzera rufu. Ruzivo rwavo runowanzo tsvakwa muzviitiko zvinosanganisira njodzi huru, mhosva dzehondo, kuferefeta kwevanhu vakarasika, kana zvisaririra zvevanhu vasingazivikanwe zvinowanikwa mumamiriro akasiyana-siyana. Maitiro aya anowanzo sanganisira matanho akakosha akati wandei:
1. Kudzoserwa Kwezvisaririra zveMapfupa: Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzezvekuferefeta dzinowanzo shanda panzvimbo panowanikwa zvisaririra. Vanoshandisa nzira dzakanyatsonaka dzekuchera matongo kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti zvisaririra zviri kudzoserwa, vachichengetedza mamiriro azvo uye vachideredza kukuvara.
2. Kuvaka Hunhu Hwemuviri: Pavanopora, nyanzvi dzezvenhoroondo dzevanhu dzinogadzira hunhu hwemuviri kuti dzibatsire kuziva. Hunhu uhwu hunosanganisira fungidziro yezera, murume kana mukadzi, dzinza, uye hurefu. Hunhu uhwu hwakavakirwa pazviratidzo zvemapfupa nemagadzirirwo azvo zvakaratidza kuvimbika kuburikidza nekutsvagurudza kwakakura, kwakaongororwa nevezera.
3. Kuongorora Kukuvara Kwemapfupa: Nekuongorora kukuvara pamapfupa, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinogona kupa ruzivo nezvezvikonzero uye nzira dzekukuvara, vachisiyanisa pakati pekukuvara kwekufa (asati afa), kufa kwemunhu (panguva yekufa kana pedyo nenguva yekufa), uye kukuvara kwekufa kwemunhu (mushure mekufa). Ruzivo urwu runogona kukosha pakuona chikonzero uye nzira yerufu, izvo zvinogona kuratidza kutamba kwakashata, rufu rwetsaona, kana zvikonzero zvechisikigo.
4. Kuongorora Taphonomic: Kunzwisisa maitiro etaphonomic - kuti zvisaririra zvinoora sei uye kuti zvinokanganiswa sei nezvinhu zvakatipoteredza - kwakakosha. Ruzivo urwu runobatsira vanoongorora nhoroondo yezvevanhu kuti vafungidzire nguva yekufa (PMI), kana kuti nguva yakapfuura kubva parufu, chikamu chakakosha chekuvakazve zviitiko zvakapoteredza rufu.
5. Kuvakazve Chiso uye Kuisa Chiso Patsva: Kana zvisingagoni kuzivikanwa kuburikidza nenzira dzekuenzanisa zvakananga dzakadai sezvinyorwa zvemazino kana DNA, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu vanogona kushandisa nzira dzekuvakazve chiso. Kuvakazve uku kunogona kugoverwa neveruzhinji kuti vabatsirwe kuziva vanhu vasingazivikanwe.
Zvinorehwa Nemutemo Nekutonga
Kudzidziswa kwevanhu nevanoongorora nyaya dzezvemitemo (forensic anthropology) kunokanganisa zvikuru hurongwa hwemutemo nekupa humbowo hwakasimba hwesainzi uye hwenzira hunogamuchirwa mudare. Vanoongorora nyaya dzezvemitemo vanowanzo shanda sezvapupu zvine hunyanzvi, vachipa zvavakawana nenzira inonzwisisika kuvatongi nevatongi. Uchapupu hwavo hunogona kubatsira mu:
– Kutongwa Kwemhosva: Nekupa humbowo hwakakosha pamusoro pekukuvara uye mafiro akaita munhu, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora nyaya dzezvemhosva dzinobatsira kusimbisa mhosva yemhosva kana kusunungura vasina mhosva. Semuenzaniso, kuzivikanwa kwemunhu akabatwa kuburikidza nekuongorora mapfupa kunogona kubatanidza zviito zvemunhu anofungidzirwa nenguva nenzvimbo yemhosva yacho.
– Kuferefeta Kodzero Dzevanhu: Muzviitiko zvinosanganisira mhosva dzehondo, kuurayiwa kwevanhu, uye kumwe kutyorwa kukuru kwekodzero dzevanhu, nyanzvi dzezvemitemo yezvevanhu dzinobatsira mukuwana chokwadi chenhoroondo. Dzinobatsira mukuona vanhu vakaurayiwa uye kunyora utsinye hwacho zvakasimba.
– Kupindura Njodzi Dzakawanda: Mushure mezviitiko zvakaita sekudonha kwendege, tsunami, kana kurwiswa kwemagandanga, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora nyaya dzenjodzi dzinoshanda nemapoka ekubatsira panjodzi kuti vaone vanhu vakabatwa nenjodzi, nokudaro vachivhara mhuri uye vachibatsira nematanho emutemo ane chekuita nechiitiko ichi.
Matambudziko uye Mafungiro Etsika
Pasinei nesimba rayo, ongororo yezvevanhu inosangana nematambudziko uye kufunga nezvetsika. Dambudziko rimwe chete nderekusakwana kwekufungidzira hunhu hwevanhu nemazvo, kunyanya nemapfupa akachekwa kana kuti akaora. Uyezve, dzidzo iyi inofanira kugara ichienderana nemapoka akasiyana-siyana emapfupa zvichipiwa kusiyana kwepasi rose kwemaitiro evanhu.
Panyaya dzetsika, nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinoongorora nyaya dzezvekufa dzinofanira kufamba nebasa rakaoma rekubata zvitunha zvevanhu neruremekedzo rukuru uku vachienzanisa mabasa avo esainzi nemutemo. Nyaya dzekubvumirana, kunzwisisa tsika, uye kuvanzika kwenyaya dzakavanzika ndizvo zvinonyanya kukosha mumabasa avo. Nhungamiro dzetsika dzakatangwa nemasangano ehunyanzvi akadai seAmerican Board of Forensic Anthropology (ABFA) neInternational Academy of Legal Medicine (IALM) dzinotungamira vashandi mukuchengetedza kuvimbika nehunyanzvi.
Ramangwana Mirairo
Kufambira mberi mune tekinoroji uye nzira dzekushandisa zvinhu zvinovimbisa kuvandudza chishandiso chenyanzvi dzezvevanhu. Zvinhu zvitsva zvakaita se3D imaging, computer tomography (CT) scans, uye mamorekuru matekiniki zviri kuvandudza kunyatsoongorora mapfupa. Pamusoro pezvo, kubatanidzwa kweforensic anthropology nedzimwe nzira dzezvevanhu, dzakadai seforensic odontology (kudzidza zvinyorwa zvemazino) uye forensic entomology (kudzidza kwezvipembenene pakuora kwezvimedu), zvinosimbisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakakosha pakuferefeta kwakazara.
Zvirongwa zvedzidzo nekudzidziswa zviri kuramba zvichichinja kuti zvigadzirise kuoma kuri kukura uye zvinodiwa nemhosva dzezvekuferefeta. Dzidzo yakasimba uye kudzidziswa kwakaitwa nevanhu kunoita kuti vezvekuferefeta vemangwana vave vakagadzirira zvakakwana kusangana nematambudziko ebasa ravo.
mhedziso
Kuferefeta kwevanhu (Forensic anthropology) kunomiririra sainzi nemutemo, kuchipa ruzivo rwakakosha runogona kuburitsa zvakavanzika zvakatenderedza rufu rusina tsananguro uye kubatsira mukutsvaga kururamisira. Kuburikidza nekuongorora kwakanyatsojeka kwezvisaririra zvemapfupa, nyanzvi dzezvekuferefeta vanhu (forensic anthropology) dzinoita basa rinokosha mukuferefeta kwemutemo, dzichibatsira kuona kuti ndiani, kuona zvikonzero zverufu, uye kupa humbowo hwakavimbika kudare. Sezvo chidzidzo ichi chichienderera mberi, mipiro yaro kumutemo nenzanga ichakura, ichisimbisa kubatana kwakakosha pakati pesainzi neruramisiro mukuwana chokwadi chiri shure kwezvisaririra zvevanhu.
