Mipiro yeVakadzi Mundima yeAnthropology
Anthropology, kudzidza nezvemagariro evanhu, tsika, uye kukura kwavo, kwagara kuri ndima inotungamirwa nenyanzvi dzechirume. Zvisinei, munhoroondo yayo yese, vakadzi vazhinji vakapa mipiro yekutanga yakaumba uye yakatambanudza kunzwisisa kwedu vanhu. Kubva pakuisa dzidziso dzekutanga kusvika pakuita basa guru remumunda, vakadzi vanoongorora anthropology vakaramba vachisundira miganhu yedzidzo. Chinyorwa chino chinopemberera mipiro inoshamisa yevakadzi muanthropology, vachicherechedza basa ravo guru uye pesvedzero inogara iripo.
Margaret Mead: Kutanga Kwetsika Anthropology
Paaitaura nezvevakadzi vane simba mune zvetsika dzevanhu, zita raMargaret Mead rinoonekwa zvakanyanya. Basa raMead rakatanga muna 1901, pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi20 rakapikisa pfungwa dzaivepo dzetsika nemagariro evanhu. Basa rake remuSamoa, rakatsanangurwa mubhuku rakakosha rinonzi “Coming of Age in Samoa” (1928), rakaratidza kuti kuyaruka kwaisafanira kuva nguva ine matambudziko, zvichipesana nemaonero eWestern aitonga panguva iyoyo.
Basa raMead rakapararira kunze kweSamoa, kusanganisira zvidzidzo muNew Guinea, Bali, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzePacific. Zvidzidzo zvake zvekuenzanisa nzanga dzakasiyana zvakapa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti tsika dzinoumba sei maitiro evanhu uye maumbirwo emagariro evanhu. Mead aivewo munhu ainyanya kutaura, achiunza ruzivo rwevanhu kuvanhu kuburikidza nemabhuku ake, hurukuro, uye kuoneka munhau, nokudaro achifarirwa nevanhu uye achiita kuti zvive nyore kuwana ruzivo urwu.
Ruth Benedict: Kutsanangura Tsika neHunhu
Ruth Benedict (1887-1948), uyo aishanda pamwe chete naMargaret Mead panguva imwe chete, akapa mipiro mikuru mukunzwisisa tsika nehunhu. Mubhuku rake guru, rinonzi “Patterns of Culture” (1934), akaongorora kuti nzanga dzakasiyana dzinokudziridza sei maitiro akasiyana ehunhu nehunhu. Maitiro ake akazara akaratidza kuti tsika chiratidzo chehunhu hwemunhu, zvichipikisa kuzvisarudzira kwehupenyu.
Pfungwa yaBenedict ye "chimiro chetsika" inosimbisa kubatanidzwa uye kubatana kwehunhu hwetsika munharaunda, zvichipesvedzera zvidzidzo zvinotevera pamusoro pehunhu hwetsika uye kukosha kwekunzwisisa nharaunda nenzira dzadzo. Ruzivo rwake munhetembo nerunako rwakavandudzawo maitiro ake ekudzidza nezvevanhu, zvichiita kuti basa rake rive netsitsi uye rinonakidza.
Zora Neale Hurston: Kubatanidza Anthropology neMabhuku
Zora Neale Hurston (1891-1960) aive munyori wengano, nyanzvi yetsika, uye nyanzvi yezvevanhu uyo akaita basa guru mukunyora tsika dzevaAfrica America netsika dzemashiripiti muSouth neCaribbean yeAmerica. Akadzidziswa nenyanzvi yezvevanhu Franz Boas, kunyora kwaHurston kwaiwanzobatanidza kuongorora kwevanhu nengano dzekugadzira.
Mumabhuku akaita se "Mules and Men" (1935), Hurston akabatanidza ethnography nengano, achiratidza kupfuma nekusiyana kwetsika dzemuromo dzevanhu vemuAfrica. Maitiro ake ekunyora akapa maonero akajeka, emukati airatidza kusimba kwetsika dzevatema. Nhaka mbiri dzaHurston mune zvese anthropology nemabhuku dzichiri kukurudzira nyanzvi nevanyori nanhasi.
Mary Leakey: Kutsvaga Kwakatangira Vanhu
Mary Leakey (1913-1996), nyanzvi yezvevanhu vane mukurumbira, akapa mipiro mikuru mukunzwisisa kwedu kushanduka kwevanhu. Basa raLeakey rakanyatsojeka muEast Africa, kunyanya muOlduvai Gorge, rakaita kuti pawanikwe mafossil ekutanga ehominid akadai seAustralopithecus boisei neHomo habilis. Kuwanikwa uku kwakapa humbowo hwakakosha nezvehukama huripo pakati pevanhu vemazuva ano nemadzitateguru avo ekare.
Basa raLeakey raive nekuzvipira kwakasimba kune zvakadzama uye kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwenzvimbo dzezvepasi, izvo zvakamubatsira kuwana nguva chaiyo yezvaakawana. Mipiro yake yaipfuura zvakawanikwa kare; akagadzirawo matekiniki matsva ekunyora nekuongorora nzvimbo dzekare. Nhaka yaLeakey haisi chete zvaakawana zvinoshamisa asiwo nzira dzake, dzakaisa mwero mutsva mukudzidza nezvenhoroondo yekare.
Eleanor Leacock: Anthropology yeMarxist neZvidzidzo zveVarume neVakadzi
Eleanor Leacock (1922-1987) aive nyanzvi yezvevanhu ine basa rakasiyana dzidziso dzeMarxist nedzidzo yevakadzi. Tsvagiridzo yake inotarisa pakurongeka kwevanhu uye hukama hwevanhurume nevanhukadzi munharaunda dzemuno, ichipikisa pfungwa yekuti kusarongeka kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi kuri kwese kwese uye kwechisikigo. Zvidzidzo zvaLeacock zvakaratidza kuti nzanga zhinji dzaive nehurongwa hwakaenzana, zvinopesana nepfungwa dzekuMadokero.
Mubhuku rake rine simba rinonzi "Myths of Male Dominance" (1981), Leacock akataura kuti hutongi hwevagari nehupfumi hwakanyanya kukanganisa kuenzana kwevanhurume nevanhukadzi munharaunda dzemuno. Basa rake rakaisa hwaro hwezvidzidzo zvevakadzi, zvichiita kuti nyanzvi dziongorore patsva basa revanhurume nevanhukadzi mutsika dzakasiyana nemamiriro enhoroondo.
Annette Weiner: Kudzokororazve Madzinza Ekare
Annette Weiner (1933-1997) anozivikanwa zvikuru nebasa rake rekuongororazve uye kupikisa zvidzidzo zvekare zvetsika dzevanhu, kunyanya zviya zvaBronisław Malinowski muTrobriand Islands. Mubhuku rake rinonzi "Women of Value, Men of Renown" (1976), Weiner akataura nezvemabasa akakosha ehupfumi nemagariro evanhukadzi veTrobriand, mabasa ayo Malinowski akanga asina kuaona zvakanyanya.
Basa raWeiner rakasimbisa kukosha kwevakadzi muhurongwa hwekutsinhana uye magariro evanhu muTrobriand Islands, zvichiratidza kuti maonero ekare aitarisa varume akakonzera kusanzwisisana kwakakwana kwenharaunda idzi. Mipiro yake yave yakakosha mukusimudzira nzira yakaringana uye inosanganisira yese yekutsvagisa madzinza.
Lila Abu-Lughod: Kuenderana Kwetsika uye Kuongororwa Kwevakadzi
Lila Abu-Lughod, nyanzvi yezvevanhu vekuEgypt-America, akapa mipiro mikuru mukuongorora tsika dzinoenderana netsika uye tsika dzevakadzi. Basa rake rinosimbisa kukosha kwekunzwisisa kuomarara uye hunhu hwehupenyu hwevakadzi mumamiriro akasiyana etsika. Mu "Veiled Sentiments" (1986), Abu-Lughod akadzidza nezvevakadzi vechiBedouin muEgypt, achiburitsa pachena nzira dzakaoma dzavanofamba nadzo uye dzavanotaurirana nadzo munyika yavo yemagariro kuburikidza nenhetembo uye kutaurirana kwezuva nezuva.
Tsvagiridzo yaAbu-Lughod yave yakakosha mukupikisa kuratidzwa kwevakadzi vechiMuslim nenzira imwechete uye kutsigira kunzwisisa kwakajeka uye kwakanangana nemamiriro ezvinhu ehupenyu hwavo nezviitiko zvavo. Basa rake rakabatanidza zvidzidzo zveanthropology netsika, zvichiratidza kubatana kwekuchinja kwepasi rose nekwenzvimbo.
mhedziso
Munda wezvevanhu wakapfumiswa zvikuru nemabasa evakadzi. Kubva paruzivo rwetsika rwakapihwa naMargaret Mead naRuth Benedict kusvika pakuwana kwaMary Leakey kwakakosha uye maonero evakadzi aEleanor Leacock, vakadzi vanoongorora nezvevanhu vakasimudzira kunzwisisa kwedu nzanga netsika dzevanhu. Basa ravo rekutanga rinoramba richikurudzira nekupikisa nyanzvi dzemazuva ano, zvichisimbisa kukosha kwemaonero akasiyana-siyana mukudzidza nezvevanhu. Sezvatinotarisa kune ramangwana, mabasa evakadzi muzvidzidzo zvevanhu anoshanda seuchapupu hwekukosha kwekubatanidzwa pamwe nekutsvaga kuri kuenderera mberi kwekunzwisisa kuomarara kwehupenyu hwevanhu.
