## Pfungwa yehukama muAnthropology
Anthropology, kudzidza kwevanhu munharaunda, inosanganisira misoro yakasiyana-siyana inosanganisira tsika, chitendero, zvematongerwo enyika, uye hupfumi. Imwe yenyaya dzakakosha muzvidzidzo zveanthropology ihama. Hama inoreva hukama hwevanhu hunoumba chikamu chehurongwa hwemhuri, uye ndiyo inonyanya kukosha pakunzwisisa kwedu maitiro evanhu, kurongeka kwevanhu, uye tsika dzetsika. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa pfungwa yehukama muanthropology, ichiongorora tsananguro dzayo, mafomu, mabasa, uye kukosha kwayo.
### Tsanangudzo uye Kukosha
Mukudzidza nezvevanhu, hukama hwemhuri hausi hukama hwepanyama chete kana hukama hweropa; hunosanganisira hukama hwakasiyana-siyana hwevanhu uye zvisungo. Hukama hunogona kusanganisira hukama hunotangwa kuburikidza nekuroorana (hama dzemhuri) uye huya hunotsamira pakuroorana (hama dzemhuri). Uyezve, nzanga dzakawanda dzinoziva "hukama hwenhema," uko vanhu vanobatwa sehama dzisina hukama hwekuzvarwa nahwo kana hwewanano.
Kudzidza nezvehukama kwakakosha nekuda kwezvikonzero zvakati wandei. Kunobatsira vanoongorora nezvevanhu kunzwisisa maumbirwo emhuri, dzinza, masisitimu enhaka, uye tsika dzemagariro evanhu. Hukama hunoburitsawo kuti nzanga dzinoronga sei uye dzinodzora sei kubereka, kutarisira, uye kudyidzana kwevana. Uyezve, hukama hwehukama hunowanzo shanda sehwaro hwehurongwa hwezvematongerwo enyika, hwehupfumi, uye hwechitendero munharaunda.
### Mafomu ehukama nehurongwa hwehukama
Maitiro ehukama akasiyana zvakanyanya mutsika dzakasiyana, asi kune mamwe marudzi akafanana anoshandiswa nevanoongorora nezvevanhu kuisa hukama uhwu mumapoka:
1. Maitiro eKubuda: Aya ndiwo maitiro anoita nzanga kutevera dzinza. Mhando huru ndeidzi:
– Kuberekwa kwemunhu mumwe chete: Kutevera dzinza kuburikidza nemubereki mumwe chete. Izvi zvinogona kupatsanurwa muzvikamu zviviri: dzinza remhuri (kuburikidza nababa) uye dzinza remhuri (kuburikidza naamai). Mapoka edzinza remunhu mumwe chete anoumba mapoka akasiyana evanhu anonzi madzinza, ayo anoita basa rakakosha mukodzero dzepfuma, nhaka, uye chinzvimbo munharaunda.
– Kuburuka kwevabereki vaviri kana kuti kweCognatic: Kutevera kuburuka kwevabereki vese. Rudzi urwu rwekuburuka rwakajairika munharaunda dzekuMadokero uye kazhinji runoguma nevanhu vanobva mumapoka emhuri dzakawanda panguva imwe chete.
2. Maitiro eMuchato: Maitiro emuchato anotsanangura kuti nzanga dzinotanga sei uye dzinodzora sei hukama hwemuchato. Mafomu akajairika anosanganisira:
– Kuroorana kwemurume mumwe chete: Kuroorana kwemurume mumwe chete nemukadzi mumwe chete.
– Polygyny: Murume mumwe akaroora vakadzi vakawanda.
– Polyandry: Mukadzi mumwe chete akaroorwa nevarume vakawanda.
– Kuroorana muBoka: Kashoma asi kunosanganisira varume nevakadzi vakawanda vanoumba imba.
3. Mapatani Ekugara: Aya anoratidza mapatani ekugara mushure mekuroorana uye anoratidza kuti vaviri vachangoroorana vachagara neboka ripi kana kuti pedyo naro. Mapatani aya anosanganisira:
– Patrilocal Residence: Kugara nemhuri yemurume kana kuti pedyo naye.
– Matrilocal Residence: Kugara nemhuri yemukadzi kana kuti pedyo naye.
- Neolocal Residence: Kugadzira imba itsva, yakazvimirira.
– Avunculocal Residence: Kugara nababamunini vemurume kana kuti pedyo naye.
### Mabasa ehukama
Masisitimu ehukama anoita mabasa akakosha munharaunda:
1. Kurongeka Kwemagariro Evanhu uye Hutongi: Maumbirwo ehukama anowanzo tungamira mabasa evanhu nehurongwa hwemagariro. Munzvimbo zhinji dzechivanhu, mabasa ehutungamiriri, akadai sehumambo, anogarwa nhaka kuburikidza nemadzinza ehukama.
2. Kushandira pamwe nekutsigirana mune zvehupfumi: Mapoka ehama anogovana zviwanikwa uye anopa rutsigiro rwezvehupfumi kunhengo dzawo. Izvi zvinogona kusanganisira kuva nevhu revanhu vose, kushanda pamwe chete kwevashandi, uye kubatsirana panguva yematambudziko emari.
3. Mabasa Ekubereka uye Kutarisira Vana: Masangano ehukama anoita basa rakakosha mukuronga michato, kutonga maitiro epabonde, uye kuona kuti vana vanochengetwa uye vanorerwa. Mhuri dzakakura dzinowanzo tora chikamu mukurera vana, zvichipa mukana wekuchengetedza magariro evanhu.
4. Mitemo neMitambo: Kubatana kwehama ndiko kwakakosha pamitambo yakawanda yechitendero neyemagariro evanhu, kusanganisira michato, mariro, uye tsika dzekubhabhatidzwa. Mitambo iyi inosimbisa uye inosimbisa hukama hwehama.
5. Kutsigirana Pamanzwiro uye Kuzivikanwa: Ukama hunopa pfungwa yekuve werudzi uye kuzivikanwa. Maitiro ekutsigirana pamanzwiro anowanzova akasimba mukati memapoka, achipa nyaradzo nekubatana munguva dzematambudziko emunhu kana kushushikana munharaunda.
### Kushanduka kweZvidzidzo zveUkama
Kudzidza nezvehukama hwemhuri kwakachinja zvakanyanya nekufamba kwenguva. Nyanzvi dzekare dzezvevanhu dzakadai saLewis Henry Morgan naAR Radcliffe-Brown dzakaisa hwaro nekunyora mazwi ehukama hwemhuri uye maumbirwo munharaunda dzakasiyana-siyana. Morgan, mubhuku rake rinonzi "Systems of Consanguinity and Affinity of the Human Family" (1871), akaedza kuisa muzvikamu zvehukama hwemhuri pasi rose uye akasimbisa kusiyana kwemazwi ehukama hwemhuri.
Nyanzvi dzezvekuvaka nekushanda kwehurongwa dzakadai saRadcliffe-Brown naBronisław Malinowski dzakatarisa mashandiro anoita hurongwa hwehukama kuchengetedza kubatana nekugadzikana munharaunda. Vanotsanangura mabasa nehukama mukati mehukama hwehukama uye mupiro wavanoita kuhurongwa hukuru hwemagariro evanhu.
Pakati pezana remakore rechi20, Claude Lévi-Strauss akatanga dzidziso dzehukama muzvidzidzo zvehukama, achitarisa pamaitiro ari pasi pehukama hwehukama kwete pamabasa avo. Basa rake pazvirongwa zvehukama nekuchinjana kwemuchato pakati pemadzinza akasiyana-siyana rakashandura zvidzidzo zvehukama nekupa mazano matsva edzidziso.
Muzvidzidzo zvemazuva ano zvevanhu, zvidzidzo zvehukama zvakawedzera kusvika pakuva nemafungiro matsva. Zvidzidzo zvevakadzi zvakaratidza mafambiro evanhurume nevanhukadzi mukati mehurongwa hwehukama, uye pesvedzero yehukama mukusimudzira mabasa evanhurume nevanhukadzi nekusaenzana. Maitiro ePostmodernist akatsoropodza mamodheru ekare ehukama hwevanhurume nevanhukadzi, achisimbisa kutenderera nekusiyana kwetsika dzehukama nepfungwa.
Pamusoro pezvo, kudyidzana kwenyika, kutama kwevanhu, uye kufambira mberi kwetekinoroji zvakachinja maitiro ehukama, zvichiita kuti nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzidzidze "hukama hwenyika dzakasiyana" uko matinji emhuri anopararira kuburikidza nemiganhu yenyika. Matekinoroji ekubatsirwa kubereka (ART) uye kuchinja kwemhando dzemhuri zvakakurudzirawo kutsvagurudza kutsva mukutsanangurwa patsva kwehukama.
### Mhedziso
Ukama ipfungwa ine mativi akawanda mu anthropology inoshanda sedombo guru rekunzwisisa masangano evanhu, tsika, uye hukama hwevanhu. Kudzidza ukama kunoratidza nzira idzo nzanga dzinovaka, dzinochengetedza, uye dzinoshandura hukama hwevanhu uye hutongi. Kuburikidza nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana nemabasa, masisitimu ehukama anotsigira mativi mazhinji ehupenyu hwevanhu, achipa chimiro, rutsigiro, uye hunhu. Sezvo nzanga dzichiramba dzichichinja, ndizvo zvichaitawo kudzidza ukama, kuchinjira kuzvinhu zvitsva uye kuramba uchipa nzwisiso muwebhu rakaomarara rehukama hwevanhu.
