Musoro: Anthropology yeHutano neKutarisira Denda
Munyika yanhasi, kutsvaga kunzwisisa hutano hwevanhu uye kugadzirisa denda kwave kuita mabasa akasiyana-siyana, neanthropology ichipa ruzivo rwakakosha. Anthropology, kudzidza kwenharaunda dzevanhu netsika dzavo nekukura kwavo, inotsvaga kunzwisisa nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinoshandiswa nevanhu munzvimbo dzavo, kusanganisira hutano hwavo. Chinyorwa chino chinotarisa hukama hwakaoma pakati peanthropology, hutano, uye manejimendi edenda, ichisimbisa mipiro yeruzivo rweanthropology kumatambudziko ehutano ekare neemazuva ano.
Hutano, mumashoko ehunhu hwevanhu, hunosanganisira maonero akazara anobatanidza zvinhu zvehupenyu, tsika, magariro evanhu, uye zvakatipoteredza. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinofarira kuti tsika dzinochinja sei maonero ehurwere nehutano, uye kuti maonero aya anokanganisa sei maitiro ehutano nemigumisiro. Maonero aya akasiyana nemuenzaniso wezvekurapa, uyo unowanzo tarisa pazvinhu zvehupenyu uye unowanzo regeredza zvikamu zvetsika nemagariro ehutano.
Pfungwa huru muzvidzidzo zvekurapa ipfungwa yehutano hwe "biocultural". Pfungwa iyi inoti hutano nehurwere zvibereko zvekudyidzana pakati pebiology netsika. Semuenzaniso, tsika dzekudya, rutsigiro rwemagariro evanhu, uye nzira dzekurapa dzechivanhu dzinogona kuwedzera kana kukanganisa hutano. Munguva yezvirwere, zvinhu izvi zvinonyanya kuoneka sezvo nharaunda dzichipindura nekutarisira zvirwere zvinotapukira zvichibva patsika dzavo nemaitiro eruzivo.
Kare, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakaita mabasa akakosha munguva dzakasiyana-siyana dzehutano. Muenzaniso mumwe chete unoshamisa ndewekupararira kweEbola kuWest Africa (2014-2016). Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakashanda pamwe chete nenyanzvi dzehutano kuti dzinzwisise tsika dzekuviga vanhu munharaunda, idzo pakutanga dzaive chinhu chakakosha mukupararira kwehutachiona. Nekunzwisisa tsika idzi, nzira dzehutano dzakagadziriswa kuti dziremekedze tsika dzemunharaunda uku dzichikurudzira tsika dzakachengeteka. Kushandira pamwe uku kwakabatsira mukuderedza kupararira kwechirwere uye kusimbisa kukosha kwekubatanidza pfungwa dzezvemagariro evanhu muzvirongwa zvehutano hweveruzhinji.
Denda reCOVID-19 riri kuenderera mberi rakaratidza kukosha kwemaonero evanhu muhutano nekutonga denda. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzakatarisana nekunzwisisa zvinorehwa nedenda munharaunda, kusanganisira kusarura vanhu vane hutachiona, kukanganisa hutano hwepfungwa, uye kusarongeka kwevanhu kunowedzera nekuda kwehutachiona. Vakaongororawo kuti nharaunda dzakasiyana dzinoona uye dzinopindura sei matanho ehutano hweveruzhinji akadai semishandirapamwe yekubaiwa nhomba, kuvharirwa, uye mirairo yemasiki.
Imwe nzvimbo yakakosha apo dzidziso yevanhu inobatsira mukugadzirisa denda iri kuburikidza nepfungwa ye "mhirizhonga yezvivakwa." Yakagadzirwa naJohan Galtung muma1960, mhirizhonga yezvivakwa inoreva maumbirwo emagariro evanhu anokuvadza vanhu nekuvadzivisa kusangana nezvinodiwa zvavo zvekutanga. Kukuvadzwa uku hakusi mhirizhonga yemuviri inokonzerwa nevanhu asi kuti iri mukati mehurongwa hwemagariro evanhu, hwakadai sekusarongeka kwehupfumi, rusaruraganda, uye kushaya mukana wekuwana hutano. Munguva yedenda reCOVID-19, mhirizhonga yezvivakwa yakaonekwa mukukanganisa kwakawanda kwehutachiona munharaunda dzakasiyiwa. Nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzakaratidza kusawirirana uku, dzichitsigira mitemo inogadzirisa nyaya idzi dzehurongwa uye inosimudzira kuenzana kwehutano.
Uyezve, nyanzvi dzezvemagariro evanhu dzinoita basa rakakosha mukunzwisisa nekuderedza kuzeza kushandisa majekiseni. Kuzeza kushandisa majekiseni, inyaya yakaoma uye inoenderana nemamiriro ezvinhu, inokanganiswa nezvinhu zvakasiyana-siyana zvinosanganisira kusavimba nemasangano ekurapa, kusaruramisira kwekare, zvitendero zvetsika, uye kusaziva chokwadi. Tsvagiridzo yezvemagariro evanhu inobatsira kujekesa kuti nei vamwe vanhu vangazeza kugamuchira majekiseni, zvichipa kunzwisisa kwakajeka kunogona kubatsira pakuita mazano ekutaurirana anoshanda uye zvirongwa zvekupindira.
Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinobatsirawo pakunzwisisa kukanganisa kwezvirwere zvepfungwa. Denda reCOVID-19, pamwe nekuvharirwa kwaro, matanho ekuchengetedza nharaunda, uye kusagadzikana kwehupfumi, zvakakanganisa hutano hwepfungwa pasi rose. Anthropology, nekutarisa kwayo pane zvakaitika muhupenyu uye hutano hwemagariro evanhu, inopa ruzivo rwakakosha pamusoro pekuti vanhu nenharaunda vanogadzirisa sei kushushikana uku. Maonero aya akakosha pakugadzira nzira dzehutano hwepfungwa dzinobata tsika uye dzinoenderana nevanhu vakabatwa nechirwere ichi.
Chimwe chinhu chakakosha chinoitwa nekudzidza nezvevanhu mukutonga denda ndechekusimbisa kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda uye kutora chikamu. Nyanzvi dzezvevanhu dzinotsigira kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda mukugadzira nekushandisa nzira dzehutano. Nzira iyi yekubatsira vanhu inoita kuti nzira dzekubatsira dzive dzakakodzera tsika uye dzinotsigirwa nenharaunda dzavanoda kubatsira. Munguva yedenda reCOVID-19, kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda kwave kwakakosha kuti nzira dzehutano dzeveruzhinji dzibudirire, dzakadai sekutevera vanhu vanosangana nevanhu uye mishandirapamwe yekubaiwa nhomba.
Uyezve, tsvakiridzo yevanhu panguva yedenda inowanzo ratidza kusimba uye hunyanzvi hwenharaunda munguva dzedambudziko. Kubva pakurapa kwechivanhu kusvika kuma network ekutsigirana asina kurongeka, nharaunda dzinoshandisa zviwanikwa zvavo zvetsika kuti dzifambire mberi nematambudziko ehutano. Semuenzaniso, munharaunda zhinji dzeVanhu veko pasi rose, ruzivo rwechivanhu netsika zvakashandiswa pamwe chete nenzira dzekurapa kurwisa COVID-19, zvichipa mhinduro yakazara kudenda iri.
Nzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzinobatanidza dzidziso dzevanhu, hutano hwevanhu, nedzimwe nzvimbo dzakakosha pakugadzirisa denda zvinobudirira. Kushandira pamwe uku kunosimudzira kunzwisisa kwezvikamu zvehutano munharaunda uye kunoita kuti kupindira kuenderere mberi kwakakodzera tsika nemagariro evanhu. Nekugamuchira maonero evanhu, nyanzvi dzehutano hwevanhu dzinogona kugadzira nzira dzakakwana dzinogadzirisa hukama hwakaoma pakati petsika, nzanga, nezvirwere.
Mukupedzisa, dzidziso yevanhu pamusoro pehutano nekutonga denda inoratidza basa rakakosha retsika nemagariro evanhu mukugadzira maitiro ehutano, mhedzisiro, uye mhinduro kumatambudziko ehutano. Kunzwisisa kwevanhu pamusoro pehunhu hwetsika dzehutano, mhirizhonga yemuumbirwo, kuzeza kupihwa mishonga yekudzivirira zvirwere, kukanganisa hutano hwepfungwa, kubatanidzwa kwenharaunda, uye kusimba kunoratidza kudiwa kwenzira dzinobata tsika uye dzinotungamirirwa nenharaunda dzekutonga denda. Sezvo nyika ichiramba ichirwisana neCOVID-19 uye ichigadzirira matambudziko ehutano emangwana, mipiro yedzidzo yevanhu icharamba yakakosha pakugadzira nzira dzakazara uye dzinoshanda dzehutano hweveruzhinji. Kugamuchira kusangana kwedzidzo yevanhu nehutano hweveruzhinji kunoita kuti tisangogadzirisa denda zvinobudirira chete asiwo tinokurudzira masisitimu ehutano akaenzana uye akasimba anobatsira nharaunda dzese.
