Maitiro Ekudhinda Lithography eGraphic Arts
Lithography inzira yekudhinda ine nhoroondo refu munyika yemifananidzo. Iyi nzira inozivikanwa nekukwanisa kwayo kugadzira mhando yemitsara midiki, kusiyana kwemazwi, uye mavara akasiyana-siyana anoonekwa—kubva pakunyorwa zvinyoro nyoro kusvika pakunyorwa kwemavara. Kusiyana nenzira dzekudhinda dzinobatsira dzakadai sekucheka matanda kana kudhinda kweintaglio senge etching, lithography inoshanda nepfungwa yemakemikari iri nyore: mvura nemafuta zvinodzingana. Iyi nzira inobva yava hwaro hwekuita kopi yemifananidzo papepa, mutema nemuchena nemuvara.
Nhoroondo Pfupi yeLithography
Lithography yakagadzirwa mukupera kwezana remakore rechi18 naAlois Senefelder, munyori wekuGerman uye muvambi. Pakutanga, lithography yakatanga senzira yekukopa zvinyorwa nemifananidzo kuti zvibudiswe nekuti yaikurumidza uye isingadhuri kupfuura dzimwe nzira dzekudhinda panguva iyoyo. Zvisinei, nekufamba kwenguva, vaimbi vazhinji vaishandisa lithography senzira yekuratidza hunyanzvi. Muzana remakore rechi19 nerechi20, lithography yakava yakakurumbira pakati pevaimbi vekuEurope, kunyanya kune maposta, mifananidzo, uye mifananidzo yemifananidzo isina kunyorwa. Vaimbi vakaita saHenri de Toulouse-Lautrec vakazivikanwa zvakanyanya nemaposta avo e lithographic, ayo aive akasimba mukugadzirwa uye ruvara.
Nheyo dzekutanga dzeLithography
Chinhu chikuru chekugadzira lithography chiri mukubatana pakati pezvinhu zvine mafuta (mafuta) nemvura. Pamusoro pelithography cliche—kazhinji limestone kana simbi yakaita searuminiyamu—inogadzirwa nenzira yekuti nzvimbo yemufananidzo ikwanise “kubata” inki ine mafuta, nepo nzvimbo isiri yemufananidzo ichidzinga inki nekuti inochengetedza mvura.
Muchidimbu, musimboti ndewekuti:
- Nzvimbo yemufananidzo yakagadzirwa nezvinhu zvine mafuta (semuenzaniso makrayoni e lithography kana inki ye tusche).
– Nzvimbo dzisiri dzemufananidzo dzinoonekwa sedzinoda mvura (dzinoda mvura).
– Munguva yekudhinda, pamusoro pechinhu chinonyoroveswa nemvura kutanga kuitira kuti nzvimbo isiri yemufananidzo itore mvura.
– Inki ine mafuta inozoiswa pamusoro; inki inonamira panzvimbo yemufananidzo chete.
Iyi nheyo iri nyore inobvumira muimbi kudhirowa zvakananga pamusoro pedombo/ndiro, saka lithography inowanzoita seyakafanana nekuita kwekudhirowa kupfuura mamwe matekiniki emifananidzo ari "kudhirowa" kana "kudhirowa" ndiro.
Zvishandiso Zvinowanzoshandiswa uye Zvinhu
Mukudzidzira kwe lithography, maturusi nezvinhu zvinotevera zvinowanzo shandiswa:
1. Dombo reLithography kana ndiro yearuminiyamu
Dombo rinopa kudhinda kwakanaka uye kwakasimba, asi rinorema uye rinoda kugadziriswa. Maplate ealuminium anoshanda zviri nani, akareruka, uye akakodzera kumastudio ane zvivakwa zvishoma.
2. Makrayoni eLithography neTusche
Makrayoni eLithography anowanikwa mumhando dzakasiyana dzekuoma, zvichiita kuti pave nemitsara yakasiyana. Tusche (inki yemvura) inobvumira mabhurashi akawanda anoyerera, magradients, uye magadzirirwo.
3. Chingamu chiArabic neasidhi (etch)
Musanganiswa wegum arabic neasidhi shoma (kazhinji nitric acid iri padombo kana mhinduro yakakosha iri pandiro) inoshandiswa "kuvhara" mufananidzo uku ichiita kuti nzvimbo dzisiri dzemufananidzo dzigamuchire mvura.
4. Roller yeinki (brayer/roller)
Kuti uise inki ye lithography zvakaenzana.
5. Inki yeLithography
Inki yakakosha yakakora uye ine mafuta, inowanikwa mumavara akasiyana-siyana.
6. Muchina wekudzvanya weLithography
Inoshandiswa kuisa kumanikidzwa kweinki papepa. Mamwe mastudio anogona kushandisa muchina wekudzvanya kana imwe nzira yemaoko, kunyange hazvo mhedzisiro yacho inogona kusiyana.
7. Bepa rekudhinda
Kazhinji bepa reunyanzvi remhando yepamusoro, senge bepa redonje kana bepa remifananidzo rinogona kupinza inki zvakanaka.
Matanho eKudhinda kweLithography
Kunyange zvazvo paine misiyano muhunyanzvi zvichienderana nestudio uye rudzi rwechinyakare, matanho ekutanga e lithography anowanzo sanganisira matanho anotevera:
1. Kugadzirira Pamusoro
Kana uchishandisa matombo, pamusoro pechinhu chinofanira kutanga chakweshwa uye chakagadzirwa kuti chibvise chero mufananidzo wekare uye chiwane magadzirirwo anodiwa. Pamaplate earuminiyamu, pamusoro pacho panofanirawo kugamuchira mufananidzo uye maitiro emakemikari anotevera.
2. Kugadzira Mufananidzo
Vanyori vanodhirowa zvakananga padombo kana ndiro vachishandisa makrayoni e lithographic, mapenzura e lithographic, kana tusches. Padanho iri, rusununguko rwekutaura chimwe chezvakanakira zve lithography, sezvo vanyori vachigona kugadzira mitsetse, kukwenya, kurovera, uye kunyange "kushambidza" kwakafanana ne watercolor.
3. Maitiro Ekucheka (Kuvhara Mifananidzo)
Kana mufananidzo wapera, pamusoro pacho panoputirwa negum arabic yakasanganiswa nehuwandu hwakati hweasidhi. Chinangwa ndeche:
- Inosimbisa nzvimbo yemufananidzo kuti iite kuti inzwe "kugamuchira" ingi zviri nani.
– Inoita kuti nzvimbo dzisiri mumufananidzo dzisanyorove mvura saka dzinochengetedza mvura.
Maitiro aya anofanira kuitwa nokungwarira nekuti kusimba kwakanyanya kunogona kukanganisa kunaka kwemufananidzo, nepo kusimba kwakanyanya kunogona kukonzera kuti inki "isvibise" nzvimbo dzisina chinhu.
4. Kubviswa Kwemifananidzo (Kusukwa)
Mune dzimwe nzira, mufananidzo une mafuta unoonekwa pamusoro unozobviswa uchishandisa solvent, asi "zvisaririra" zvemakemikari zvinoramba zvakaputirwa, zvichiita kuti nzvimbo yacho ive oleophilic (inogamuchira inki dzakavakirwa pamafuta). Iyi inguva inokosha mu lithography: mufananidzo unoita seunonyangarika, asi chaizvoizvo unochengetedzwa nemakemikari.
5. Kunyorovesa nekuisa inki
Pamberi pekudhinda kwega kwega, dombo/ndiro inonyoroveswa nesiponji kana jira rakanyorova. Mvura icharamba iri panzvimbo dzisina mufananidzo. Mushure mezvo, roller yeinki inomonerwa kakawanda kusvika inki yanamatira panzvimbo dzine mufananidzo.
Kuenzana kwemvura neingi kwakakosha pamhedzisiro yekupedzisira. Mvura yakawandisa ichaita kuti inki iome kunamira. Mvura shoma ichaita kuti inki iparare panzvimbo dzisina chinhu.
6. Maitiro Ekudhinda
Bepa rinoiswa padombo/ndiro robva radzvanywa. Kumanikidzwa kwakakodzera kunotamisa inki kubva pamusoro pechinyorwa chipfupi kuenda papepa. Mushure mekudhindwa, bepa rinosimudzwa zvinyoro nyoro roomeswa. Maitiro aya anodzokororwa pane imwe neimwe shanduro.
Kunyora Mavara uye Masisitimu Ekunyoresa
Lithography haisi nhema nechena chete. Kuti ugadzire mavara, pane nzira mbiri huru:
– Mapureti akawanda/matombo akawanda: ruvara rumwe nerumwe runoshandisa dombo/pureti yakasiyana. Bepa rinodhindwa kakawanda mumutsara wemavara chaiwo.
– Kupatsanura tsime/kupeta mavara: mavara akati wandei anoiswa muinji imwe chete/nzvimbo kuti pave nekuchinja kwemavara, asi kutonga kwacho kwakaoma zvikuru.
Mukunyora mavara, kunyoresa (kunyatsoisa mavara) kwakakosha. Vanyori vanowanzo shandisa zviratidzo zvekunyoresa kuti vave nechokwadi chekuti ruvara rumwe nerumwe rwunowira panzvimbo imwe chete.
Zvakanakira uye Matambudziko eLithography
Zvakawandisa:
- Hunhu hwemitsara nemagadzirirwo acho hwakapfuma kwazvo, zvinoita sekunge zviri zvekudhirowa nemaoko.
- Yakakodzera nzvimbo dzakatetepa pamwe nenzvimbo dzakafara dzenzwi.
- Inogona kugadzirwa muzvinyorwa zvishoma zvine mhando yakafanana.
Dambudziko:
– Inoda michina yakakosha uye makemikari.
- Maitiro acho akareba uye anoda kunyatsorongeka, kunyanya kuenzana kweinki yemvura.
– Matombo eLithography anorema uye haasi nyore kubata kana asina nzvimbo dzakakwana.
Lithography muKudhinda Kwemazuva Ano
Munguva ino, lithography ichiri kukosha. Mazhinji mastudio emifananidzo anosanganisa lithography nedzimwe nzira dzakadai sekudhinda skrini, monoprint, uye kunyange zvinhu zvedhijitari—semuenzaniso, kugadzira dhizaini yedhijitari, wozoiendesa kuplate yelithography kuti idhindwe nemaoko. Maitiro aya anowedzera mikana yekuona uku uchichengetedza kusiyana kwelithography: dhinda rega rega rinochengetedza kunzwa kwaro nemaoko.
Pamusoro pezvo, lithography inowanzo sarudzwa pamapurojekiti ekushandira pamwe pakati pevanyori nevanodhinda vane hunyanzvi (master printers). Kushandira pamwe uku kunobvumira kuongorora kwakadzama kwehunyanzvi, kusanganisira kushandiswa kwemhando dzakasiyana dzemapepa, inki dzehunyanzvi, uye kuyedza zvakanyorwa zvisiri nyore kuwana nedzimwe nzira dzekudhinda.
Penutup
Lithography ine nzvimbo yakakosha mukugadzira zvinyorwa, ichibatanidza runako rwemitemo yemakemikari nerusununguko rwekudhirowa zvakananga. Kubva munhoroondo yayo se tekinoroji yekuberekazve kusvika pabasa rayo senzira yekuratidza hunyanzvi, lithography inopa mikana yakakura yekuona—yemabasa emhando imwe chete uye mavara akaomarara. Nekunzwisisa misimboti yekutanga, matanho ekuita, uye matambudziko anobatanidzwa, vanyori vanogona kuongorora lithography senzira yakapfuma, yekare inoramba yakasimba mumabasa ekudhinda emazuva ano.
