Nhoroondo yeMaitiro Ekupenda Ekare uye Kubudirira Kwavo
Pendauluan
Kupenda imhando yeunyanzvi hwekuona hwagara huripo kubvira kare. Kuburikidza nekupenda, vaongorori vanokwanisa kutaurirana pfungwa, manzwiro, uye nyaya. Maitiro ekupenda ekare ndeimwe yemafambiro ane simba munhoroondo yeunyanzvi, kubva panguva yekare kusvika kuRenaissance. Chinyorwa chino chichatsanangura nhoroondo yemaitiro ekupenda ekare uye kuti akashanduka sei kusvika nhasi.
Maitiro Ekupenda Munguva Dzekare
Mifananidzo Yekare yeIjipita
Maitiro ekupenda ekare akatanga mutsika dzekare, dzakadai seIjipita. MuIjipita yekare, mifananidzo yaiwanzo kuwanikwa mumakuva nematemberi, kunyanya sechikamu chetsika dzemariro. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se "fresco secco," yaisanganisira vaimbi vaipenda papurasita yakaoma vachishandisa pigments dzakasanganiswa nechinhu chinosunga senge zai kana guruu. Madingindira makuru emifananidzo iyi aive vanamwari vepashure perufu uye veIjipita. Mifananidzo iyi yaive yekufananidzira uye yakati sandara, ichitevera tsika dzakasimba dzeunyanzvi.
Mifananidzo Yekare yechiGiriki neRoma
Girisi yekare neRoma zvakaitawo basa guru mukuvandudza matekiniki ekupenda. Kupenda kwechiGiriki kunozivikanwa zvakanyanya nebasa rayo remavhasi kupfuura mapuranga ayo. Nzira iyi yaiwanzosanganisira enameling, iyo iri kupenda pamusoro peceramic inopisa. Mifananidzo yeRoma, kune rumwe rutivi, inowanikwa muchimiro chemapuranga mumaguta akaparadzwa sePompeii. Mifananidzo yeRoma inowanzova yechokwadi uye inonakidza, ichiratidza zviitiko zvehupenyu hwezuva nezuva uye ngano.
Mufananidzo weMiddle Ages
Mifananidzo yechiKristu
MuEurope yeMiddle Ages, mifananidzo yechechi nemagwaro akajeka ndiwo ainyanya kushandiswa pakugadzira mifananidzo. Nzira ye "tempera", umo mavara aisanganiswa nechinhu chinosunga senge zai yolk, yakava yakakurumbira. Mifananidzo yeTempera yakashandiswa kugadzira mapaneru eatari airatidza nyaya dzemuBhaibheri. Maitiro ekupenda panguva iyi aive ekufananidzira zvakanyanya uye asina kunyatsojeka, achisimbisa kuendeswa kwemashoko echitendero.
Kuvandudzwa uye Kuberekwa Kwematekiniki Matsva
Nguva yeRenaissance yakaratidza kumutsidzirwa kwekufarira hunyanzvi hwekare uye kuwanikwa kwehunyanzvi hutsva hwakaita kuti pave nepfungwa yekuti zvinhu zviri kuitika zvechokwadi. Imwe yenzira dzakakosha yaive "chiaroscuro," yakagadzirwa nemuimbi wekuItaly Leonardo da Vinci. Chiaroscuro inoreva kushandiswa kwechiedza nemumvuri zvinosiyanisa kugadzira fungidziro yekudzika nehukuru. Iyi nzira yaibvumira vaimbi kuratidza zvinhu zvine mativi matatu pamusoro pechinhu chine mativi maviri.
Imwe nzira yeunyanzvi yenguva iyi i "sfumato," nzira yakafarirwawo naLeonardo. Sfumato inoshandiswa kugadzira kuchinja kusinganzwisisike pakati pemavara nematoni, zvichipa mhedzisiro yakapfava, isina kujeka kana mhute. Iyi nzira inozivikanwa zvikuru mu "Mona Lisa," uko chiso chaLisa Gherardini chinoratidzika kunge chiripo.
Vanyori vakuru vakaita saMichelangelo, Raphael, naTitian vakapawo mipiro mikuru muhunyanzvi hwekupenda panguva yeRenaissance. Kutaura zvazviri, kuvandudzwa kwehunyanzvi hwekupenda mafuta kwakabvumira vanyori kusanganisa mavara akawanda uye zvinhu zvidiki. Kushandiswa kwemafuta senzira yekugadzira kwakagadzirwa uye kwakagadziridzwa nevanyori vekuDutch vakaita saJan van Eyck.
Baroque neRococo
Baroque
Muzana remakore rechi17, maitiro echiBaroque akabuda, achiratidzwa nekushandisa kwaro chiedza nemumvuri zvinoshamisa, kufamba kwakasimba, uye nziyo dzine simba. Vanyori vakaita saCaravaggio naRembrandt ndivo vaiva vanhu vakakosha mukufamba uku. Nzira yetenebroso, umo chikamu chikuru chekunyora chakanyudzwa mumumvuri wakadzika, nemifananidzo inoshamisa, yakava chiratidzo chaCaravaggio.
Rembrandt, kune rumwe rutivi, anozivikanwa nekushandisa kwake magadzirirwo uye impasto (ukobvu hwependi pamusoro pemufananidzo). Iyi nzira inowedzera hukuru uye hupenyu kune vanhu vaanoshandisa.
Rokoko
Pakutanga kwezana remakore rechi18, maitiro eBaroque akadzikira uye akatsiviwa neRococo. Rococo yaive nemaitiro akareruka, ekushongedza, uye kazhinji erudo. Mavara epastel uye maumbirwo asina kuenzana ndizvo zvaive zvinhu zvakakosha. Vanyori vakaita saFrançois Boucher naJean-Honoré Fragonard vaizivikanwa nemifananidzo yavo yerunako uye kufadza, izvo zvakazova zviratidzo zvemaitiro aya.
Nguva Yemazuva Ano uye Matekiniki Matsva
Kuona Zvinhu Nezvazviri Uye Kufungidzira Zvinhu Zvisina Kunaka
Muzana remakore rechi19, sangano reRealism rakabuda semhinduro kumaitiro eRomantic ane pfungwa dzakanaka. Realism yakatsvaga kuratidza hupenyu hwezuva nezuva zvechokwadi uye pasina pfungwa dzakanaka. Vanyori vakaita saGustave Courbet naJean-François Millet vaive vanhu vakakosha muboka iri.
Maitiro ekupenda ekare akaramba achichinja kuburikidza neboka reImpressionist, rakatangwa nevanyori vakaita saClaude Monet, Edgar Degas, naPierre-Auguste Renoir. Vakatsvaga nzira itsva dzekutora chiedza nemavara vasingazvifungiri, kazhinji vachipenda vari mumhepo yakachena (kunze). Matekiniki akadai se "alla prima," apo kupenda kunopedzwa muchikamu chimwe chete, kwakava kwakakurumbira.
Post-Impressionism uye Kupfuura
Bato rePost-Impressionist, raimiririrwa nevanyori vakaita saVincent van Gogh, Paul Cézanne, naPaul Gauguin, rakawedzera matekiniki nepfungwa dzeImpressionism. Vakashandisa mavara akasimba uye abstraction kuti vaongorore maitiro emunhu mumwe nemumwe.
Kupfupisa uye Unyanzvi Hwemazuva Ano
Muzana remakore rechi20 makava nekutanga kwemaitiro akasiyana-siyana eunyanzvi hwemazuva ano akadai seCubism, Futurism, uye Abstract Expressionism. Maitiro ekupenda ekare akatanga kusiiwa nekuda kwekutsvaga kutsva kwechimiro, ruvara, uye pfungwa. Vanyori vakaita saPablo Picasso, Wassily Kandinsky, naJackson Pollock vakatanga nzira itsva dzekunzwisisa nekugadzira hunyanzvi.
Hunhu hweCubism, hwakafarirwa naPablo Picasso naGeorges Braque, hwakaparadza pfungwa dzechinyakare dzemaonero. Vakapatsanura zvinhu kuita maumbirwo ejometri uye vakazvivakazve nenzira itsva.
Abstract Expressionism, yakatangwa nevaimbi vekuAmerica vakaita saJackson Pollock naMark Rothko, yakatarisa pachimiro neruvara senzira yekuratidza manzwiro, kazhinji ichishandisa matekiniki akadai sekupenda madonhwe emvura uye kupenda nzvimbo dzine mavara.
Mhedziso
Nhoroondo yehunyanzvi hwekare hwekupenda rwendo rurefu rwakazadzwa nekuvandudzwa uye shanduko. Kubva pachiratidzo chakapfava cheIjipita yekare kusvika pakuongorora kwemazuva ano kwekufungidzira, nzira idzi dzinoramba dzichichinja pamwe chete nekuchinja kwetsika netekinoroji. Kunyange zvazvo mafomu nemidziyo yekudhinda zvingachinja, kukosha kwekupenda kunoramba kuripo: senzira yekutaurirana nekuratidza chiono chemuimbi kupasi rose.
