Dzidziso dzeHukama Hwenyika Dzese: Kuongorora Hwaro hweMafungiro Ezvematongerwo Enyika
Mukudzidza nezvehukama hwenyika, dzidziso dzinopa hwaro hwakakosha hwekunzwisisa mamiriro akaomarara anotonga kudyidzana pakati penyika, masangano asiri ehurumende, nemasangano epasi rose. Sezvo nyika ichiwedzera kubatana uye matambudziko epasi rose achikura, kunzwisisa dzidziso idzi kunowedzera kukosha. Chinyorwa chino chichakurukura dzidziso dzinoverengeka dzakakosha muhukama hwenyika: Realism, Liberalism, Constructivism, Marxism, uye Critical Theory, imwe neimwe inopa nzira yakasiyana yekuongorora zviitiko zvepasi rose.
Kuziva Zvinhu Zvechokwadi: Zvinodiwa Nesimba
Kuona zvinhu sezvazviri ndeimwe yedzidziso dzekare muhukama hwenyika, ichisimbisa kukosha kwenyika sevanhu vanotungamira uye simba sechinhu chikuru chinokanganisa hukama hwenyika. Sekureva kwevanoona zvinhu sezvazviri, nyika yepasi rose inzvimbo isina rusununguko isina simba guru rinotonga hukama pakati penyika. Nyika dzinoonekwa sevanhu vane pfungwa dzakanaka vanotsvaga kuwedzera zvido zvavo zvenyika, kunyanya panyaya dzekuchengetedzwa nesimba.
Vanhu vakakurumbira vedzidziso iyi ndiThucydides, Machiavelli, naHobbes. Mumazuva ano, mazita akadai saHans Morgenthau, Kenneth Waltz, naJohn Mearsheimer ave vanhu vakakosha. Morgenthau akataura kuti zvematongerwo enyika epasi rose kurwira simba nguva dzose uye kuti tsika dzemumba hadzigone kushandiswa padanho repasi rose. Kenneth Waltz, nedzidziso yake yeStructural Realism kana kuti Neo-Realism, akataura kuti chimiro chehurongwa hwepasi rose—kwete hunhu hwevanhu kana maitiro enyika imwe neimwe—ndicho chinosarudza maitiro ehukama pakati penyika.
Kusununguka: Kushandira pamwe neMasangano Epasi Rose
Kusununguka, sedzidziso inosiyana nepfungwa yekuti zvinhu ndezvechokwadi, kune tariro yakawanda pamusoro pekugona kwekushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese uye basa remasangano epasi rose. MaLiberal anotenda kuti hukama hwenyika dzese hunokanganiswa kwete nekusawirirana chete, asiwo nekushandira pamwe nekudyidzana. Nyika hadzisidzo dzega dzinoita zvinhu zvakakosha; masangano asiri ehurumende akadai semasangano epasi rose, makambani epasi rose, uye masangano asiri ehurumende anoitawo mabasa akakosha.
Vanhu vakakosha mutsika iyi vanosanganisira John Locke, Immanuel Kant, naWoodrow Wilson. Muzana remakore rechi20, dzidziso iyi yakasimudzirwa zvakare nevanyori vakaita saKarl Deutsch, Robert Keohane, naJoseph Nye. Keohane naNye vakatanga pfungwa ye "Complex Interdependence," iyo inoti munyika yanhasi, nyaya dzezvehupfumi, dzezvematongerwo enyika, nedzemagariro evanhu dzakabatana zvakanyanya, zvichiita kuti pave nekushandira pamwe nerunyararo. Masangano epasi rose akadai seUN, WTO, neIMF anoonekwa seane basa rakakosha mukugadzirisa kusawirirana uye kufambisa kushandira pamwe pakati penyika.
Kuvaka: Kuzivikanwa uye Maitiro Emagariro Evanhu
Kuvaka kwakatanga semhinduro yekukurukurirana kuri kuwedzera pakati pechokwadi uye rusununguko mukupera kwezana remakore rechi20. Dzidziso iyi inosimbisa kuti chokwadi chepasi rose chinoumbwa nepfungwa, hunhu, uye tsika dzemagariro evanhu. Vagadziri vezvinhu vanotenda kuti chimiro chehurongwa hwepasi rose chinoumbwa nekudyidzana nemaonero pakati pevatambi, kwete chete nemasimba ezvinhu nesimba.
Alexander Wendt, mumwe wevanotungamira mudzidziso dzekuvaka, akataura zvakasimba kuti "kusagadzikana ndiko kunoita nyika," achisimbisa kuti hapana chimiro chisina kugadzikana muhurongwa hwepasi rose. Sekureva kwaWendt nevamwe vanovaka, tsika neunhu hune nyika nevamwe vanoita zvinosarudza maitiro muhukama hwepasi rose. Semuenzaniso, tsika dzekodzero dzevanhu dziri kuramba dzichizivikanwa pasi rose dzakachinja maitiro enyika maererano nekubata vagari vadzo.
Marxism: Kusaenzana Kwehupfumi uye Imperialism
ChiMarxism muhukama hwenyika dzese chinochinja pfungwa kubva pakukakavadzana kwemasimba pakati penyika kuenda kukuchinjana kwemapoka uye kusaenzana kwehupfumi hwenyika. Dzidziso iyi yakavakirwa pamabasa aKarl Marx, uyo akataura kuti hupfumi ndiyo hwaro hwezvirongwa zvese zvemagariro nezvematongerwo enyika. VaMarx muhukama hwenyika dzese vanotenda kuti capitalism yepasi rose inogadzira kusaenzana kuri pasi pemakakatanwa mazhinji epasi rose.
Immanuel Wallerstein, nedzidziso yake yeWorld Systems, aive mumwe wevanhu vakakosha vaitambanudza mafungiro aMarx kunharaunda yepasi rose. Wallerstein akarondedzera nyika senzira isina kuenzana yekapitalisti, umo nyika huru dzinoshandisa nyika dziri pedyo. Kusawirirana nekusagadzikana kwakaonekwa semhedzisiro yakananga yekushandiswa uku kwehupfumi. Kunze kwaWallerstein, vanhu vakaita saAntonio Gramsci nedzidziso yake yekutonga tsika vakapawo mipiro yakakosha, kunyanya mukunzwisisa kuti pfungwa dzekapitalisti dzinogona sei kupinda nekuzvisimbisa muhurongwa hwepasi rose.
Dzidziso Yakakosha: Kutsvaga Kusunungurwa uye Kushandurwa
Dzidziso yeKutsoropodza muhukama hwenyika, inowanzobatanidzwa neFrankfurt School, inotanga nechinangwa chekutsoropodza nekushandura hurongwa hwenyika huripo. Inoramba fungidziro huru dzechokwadi uye rusununguko, ichiti dzidziso idzi dzinowanzo gamuchira mamiriro ezvinhu aripo uye hadzina kutsoropodza zvakakwana masimba esimba uye kusaruramisira kwepasi rose.
Robert Cox, mumwe wevanhu vanotungamira mudzidziso yekutsoropodza muhukama hwenyika, akataura nemukurumbira kuti "dzidziso inogara iri yemumwe munhu uye nechinangwa chakati." Izvi zvinoratidza kuti dzidziso dzese dzine rusaruro rwadzo uye zvadzinofarira. Cox nevamwe vanoongorora dzidziso yekutsoropodza vanoedza kupa simba mapoka akadzvinyirirwa uye kutsigira shanduko yakaenzana munharaunda, zvematongerwo enyika, uye hupfumi. Dzidziso yekutsoropodza inosimbisa kukosha kwekusunungurwa sechinangwa chikuru uye inokurudzira shanduko yechimiro muhurongwa hwepasi rose.
Mhedziso
Dzidziso dzehukama hwenyika dzinopa hurongwa hwakakosha hwekuongorora kunzwisisa kuoma kwenyika dzepasi rose. Realism, nekutarisa kwayo pasimba nekuchengetedzeka, Liberalism, nekutenda kwayo mukushandira pamwe kwenyika nemasangano, Constructivism, nekusimbisa kwayo tsika dzevanhu uye hunhu hwavo, Marxism, nekuongorora kwayo kusaenzana kwehupfumi, uye Critical Theory, nekukurudzira kwayo shanduko nerusununguko, zvese zvinopa ruzivo rwakakosha rwekuongorora zviitiko zvepasi rose.
Pasinei nepfungwa dzavo dzakasiyana uye chinangwa chavo, dzidziso yega yega inopa maturusi ekunzwisisa mativi akasiyana ehukama hwenyika. Nekubatanidza nzwisiso kubva mudzidziso idzi, tinogona kuwana kunzwisisa kwakapfuma uye kwakaoma kwenyika iri kuchinja. Sevadzidzi, vagadziri vemitemo, kana vanhuwo zvavo vanofarira mafambiro epasi rose, kunzwisisa kwakadzama kwedzidziso idzi kunogona kutibatsira kwete kungodudzira zviitiko zvepasi rose chete asiwo kutsvaga nzira dzinoenda kunyika ine runyararo uye ine rugare.
