Simba reHondo Yemashoko paHukama Hwenyika Dzepasi Pose
Pendauluan
Hondo Yemashoko yaive imwe yenguva dzakakosha zvikuru munhoroondo yepasi rose, kubvira pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II kusvika pakuparara kweSoviet Union muna 1991. Kukwikwidzana kwepfungwa nezvematongerwo enyika pakati pemasimba maviri makuru pasi rose, United States (inomiririra Western bloc ine hurongwa hwayo hwecapitalist-democracy) neSoviet Union (inomiririra Eastern bloc ine hurongwa hwayo hwecommunist), kwakagadzira zvinoreva zvitsva muhukama hwepasi rose. Simba reHondo Yemashoko rakabatanidza zvese kubva kune dzimwe nyika nehukama hwemubatanidzwa kusvika kune tekinoroji nehupfumi pasi rese.
Nhoroondo yeHondo Yemashoko
Pakupera kweHondo Yenyika II muna 1945, nyika yakanga yakakamurwa zvikuru munzvimbo nenzvimbo uye mumaonero. Nyika mbiri dzakakunda, United States neSoviet Union, dzakabuda senyika dzine simba guru pasi rose, dzine maonero akasiyana pamusoro pehutongi, hupfumi, uye rusununguko rwemunhu. Kukwikwidzana pakati penyika mbiri idzi kwakakurudzira kutyisidzirana uye kurwira simba kunozivikanwa seCold War.
Hondo Yemashoko yakanga isiri hondo muchinyakare, asi yaive hondo yepfungwa yairatidzwa nenzira dzakasiyana-siyana dzakadai semakwikwi ezvombo, husori, kuparadzira mashoko, uye kurwira simba munzvimbo dzakasiyana-siyana dzepasi rose.
Pesvedzero Mubasa reMasoja
Chimwe chezvinhu zvikuru zvakakonzera Hondo Yemashoko kwaive kukwikwidzana kwezvombo zvenyukireya nekuvandudzwa kwetekinoroji yemauto. United States neSoviet Union vakatsvaga kuratidza hukuru hwavo kuburikidza nesimba renyukireya. Izvi zvakatungamira kupfungwa ye "mutual assured destruction" (MAD), uko mativi ese maviri aive nekugona kuparadzana, zvichikonzera kutya kwehondo yenyukireya.
Simba remakwikwi ezvombo aya rakaonekwa pakuumbwa kweNATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) neUnited States neshamwari dzayo dzeEurope muna 1949 uye mhinduro yeSoviet Union nekugadzira Warsaw Pact muna 1955. Kubatana uku kwemauto kwakaguma nekusawirirana kwakakomba kwakadai seCuban Missile Crisis muna 1962 iyo yakaunza pasi rose pedyo nehondo yenyukireya.
Simba Mumunda Wezvematongerwo Enyika Nepfungwa
Hondo yeCold yakakanganisawo hukama hwezvematongerwo enyika hwepasi rose nekuumba mapoka maviri makuru anokwikwidzana mumaonero nezvematongerwo enyika. United States yakasimudzira democracy yerusununguko nekapitalism, ukuwo Soviet Union yakatsvaga kuparadzira chikomunisiti. Nyika dzese dziri mbiri dzakatsvaga rutsigiro kubva kunyika dzechitatu muAsia, Africa, neLatin America kuburikidza nerubatsiro rwehupfumi, zvechiuto, uye zvepfungwa.
Semuenzaniso, muAsia, Hondo Yemashoko yakatungamira kuHondo yeKorea (1950-1953) neHondo yeVietnam (1955-1975), umo United States nevatsigiri vayo vakaedza kudzora kupararira kwechikomunisiti. MuAfrica neLatin America, masimba maviri makuru akabatana mukutsigira kana kupikisa hurumende dzemuno idzo dzaionekwa sedzakarongwa.
Simba Mumunda Wezvehupfumi
Panyaya dzezvehupfumi, Hondo Yemashoko yakakurudzira nyika dzese kuti dzivandudze nekutsigira hupfumi hwemusika mumakambani adzo. Chirongwa cheMarshall muenzaniso mumwe chete, apo United States yakabatsira kuvakazve Western Europe kudzivirira kupararira kwecommunism nekupa rubatsiro rwemari rwakakura. Panguva iyi, Soviet Union yakapindura nekupa rubatsiro rwehupfumi kunyika dzekumabvazuva kweEurope nemasangano adzo, anozivikanwa seCouncil for Mutual Economic Assistance (COMECON).
Hupfumi hwenyika dzakawanda mushure meHondo Yenyika II hwakaumbwawo nemasangano akatangwa neUS akadai seInternational Monetary Fund (IMF) neWorld Bank, ayo aitsigira hurongwa hwehupfumi hwenyika hwecapitalist. Panguva iyi, Soviet Union neboka remakomunisti vakagadzira masangano aivavarira kusimbisa hupfumi hwavo hwesocialist.
Simba Mumunda weTekinoroji neSainzi
Kurwira simba rehunyanzvi nesainzi kwakavawo nzvimbo yemakwikwi panguva yeHondo Yemashoko. Mujaho wemuchadenga ndeimwe yemienzaniso yakakurumbira, neSoviet Union yakaburitsa Sputnik muna 1957 uye kumhara kwekutanga kwemunhu kuUnited States pamwedzi muna 1969. Mujaho uyu wehunyanzvi hauna kungokanganisa kufambira mberi kwesainzi netekinoroji pasi rose asi wakakurudzirawo hunyanzvi mukutaurirana, makomputa, uye mamwe matekinoroji akasiyana-siyana ari kuramba achichinja nhasi.
Kuchinja Kwemamiriro Ehukama Hwenyika Dzepasi Pose Mushure meHondo Yemashoko
Kuparara kweSoviet Union muna 1991 kwakagumisa Hondo Yemashoko, zvichiratidza shanduko huru mumamiriro ehukama hwenyika dzese. Nyika zhinji dzeEastern Europe dzakachinja kuenda kumasystem edemocracy nehupfumi hwemisika, zvichichinja mamiriro ezvematongerwo enyika edunhu iri. NATO yakawedzera nekutora nyika dzakawanda dzaimbove dzeEastern Bloc, nepo Russia yakabuda semutsivi weSoviet Union ine mutemo wekunze nehupfumi.
Uyezve, kuguma kweHondo Yemashoko kwakagadzira mamiriro ezvinhu ega ega, United States iriyo nyika ine simba guru pasi rose. Zvisinei, matambudziko matsva akadai sehugandanga hwepasi rose, kutyisidzira kwekushanduka kwemamiriro ekunze, uye kukwira kwehupfumi hweChina zvakaunza matambudziko matsva mukuvaka hukama hwepasi rose.
Mhedziso
Hondo yeMadzihwa haina kungoumba chete maitiro ekunze enyika dzakabatanidzwa zvakananga asiwo yakachinja zvikuru nzira iyo nyika dzinodyidzana nayo pasi rose. Kubva kumauto nezvematongerwo enyika kusvika kuhupfumi netekinoroji, simba reHondo yeMadzihwa richiri kunzwika nanhasi.
Hukama hwepasi rose hwemazuva ano hwakagara nhaka zvinhu zvakawanda kubva munguva yeHondo Yemashoko, izvo zvinoshanda sezvidzidzo zvinokosha mukugadzirisa gakava repfungwa nezvematongerwo enyika. Nekunzwisisa simba reHondo Yemashoko, nharaunda yepasi rose inogona kushanda kuti ive nenyika ine rugare uye yakagadzikana mune ramangwana.
