Mutemo wezvakatipoteredza uye Hukama hwenyika dzese
Nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza hadzichagoni kuonekwa senyaya dzemumba chete. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze, kurasikirwa nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa, kusvibiswa kwemhepo inoyambuka miganhu, uye kusvibiswa kwegungwa zvinoratidza kuti kukanganiswa kwezvakatipoteredza kunopfuura miganhu yenyika. Nokudaro, mutemo wezvakatipoteredza uri kuramba uchibatanidzwa nehukama hwepasi rose: kuti nyika dzinotaurirana sei, dzinoshandira pamwe sei, dzinokwikwidzana sei, uye dzinovaka mukurumbira wadzo pasi rose. Mumamiriro ezvinhu aya, mutemo wezvakatipoteredza hausi we "kuchengetedza zvisikwa" chete, asiwo une chekuita nehupfumi, kuchengetedzeka, diplomacy, uye kururamisira.
Zvakatipoteredza sechirongwa chezvematongerwo enyika pasi rose
Kubva pakupera kwezana remakore rechi20, zvakatipoteredza zvave chinhu chikuru pasi rose. Musangano weStockholm wegore ra1972 wakagadzira nzira yekuzivikanwa kwekuti budiriro yehupfumi nekuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza zvinofanirwa kufambidzana. Musangano weRio wegore ra1992 wakaunza pfungwa yebudiriro inochengetedza nharaunda uye wakagadzira hurongwa hwakakosha hwakadai seSangano reUnited Nations pamusoro peKushanduka kweMamiriro ekunze (UNFCCC) neSangano reBiological Diversity (CBD). Chibvumirano cheParis chegore ra2015 chakazosimbisa kuzvipira kwenyika kuderedza kukwira kwekushisa kwepasi rose kuburikidza nezvinangwa zvakatarwa nenyika (NDCs).
Kubva pamaonero ehukama hwenyika dzese, budiriro iyi inoratidza shanduko muhunhu hwediplomacy: nyaya dze "pasi pezvematongerwo enyika" dzakadai senharaunda ikozvino dzine "pamusoro pezvematongerwo enyika" nekuti dzinokanganisa kugadzikana kwehupfumi, kuchengetedzeka kwechikafu, simba, uye kuchengetedzeka kwevanhu. Nyika hadzisi kungokwikwidza kusimbisa mauto adzo chete, asiwo kuwana simba rakachena, mukana wekuwana tekinoroji yakasvibirira, uye pesvedzero mukuisa mitemo yepasi rose.
Sei mutemo wezvakatipoteredza uchida kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzese?
Kushandira pamwe kwenyika dzakawanda kwakakosha nekuti nyaya dzezvakatipoteredza dzine zvinhu zvitatu zvakakosha. Chekutanga, dzinopfuura miganhu: kuburitswa kwecarbon kubva kune imwe nyika kunokanganisa mhepo yese; marara epurasitiki anobva kumusoro anogona kuguma apinda mumakungwa nemahombekombe edzimwe nyika. Chechipiri, ndezvenguva refu uye zvinogara kwenguva refu: migumisiro yanhasi inoungana mumatambudziko kwemakumi emakore anotevera. Chechitatu, dzakaoma uye dzinosanganisira zvikamu zvakawanda: simba, kutakurwa, kurima, maindasitiri, uye kunyange kuronga nzvimbo.
Mudzidziso yehukama hwepasi rose, mamiriro aya anowanzonzwisiswa sedambudziko re "zvinhu zveveruzhinji pasi rose". Kugadzikana kwemamiriro ekunze chinhu chakanaka kune veruzhinji: nyika dzese dzinobatsirwa nemamiriro ekunze akagadzikana, asi nyika yega yega ine chikonzero che "kufamba netsoka dzakasununguka" - kudzivirira mari yekuderedza utsi uku ichibatsirwa nekuedza kwevamwe. Nokudaro, diplomasi yezvakatipoteredza inotsvaga kugadzira zvinokurudzira, mitemo, nzira dzemari, uye masisitimu ekuzivisa zvinokurudzira kutevedzera mitemo.
Zvishandiso zvikuru: zvibvumirano zvepasi rose, mitemo uye maitiro
Mutemo wepasi rose wezvakatipoteredza unoshanda zvikuru kuburikidza nemitemo yepasi rose, iyo yakabvumiranwa maererano nemitemo, mitemo, uye maitiro. Muenzaniso wakajeka iMontreal Protocol, iyo yakaderedza zvinoderedza ozone. Kubudirira kwayo kunowanzo kukonzerwa nekuwanikwa kwemamwe matekinoroji uye nzira dzekubhadhara mari dzenyika dziri kusimukira.
Panyaya dzemamiriro ekunze, nzira dzacho dzakaoma nekuti dzakabatana zvakananga nemamodheru ekuvandudza uye zvinodiwa nesimba. Chibvumirano cheParis chinoshandisa nzira inochinjika yenyika yose yekupa mipiro, ichivimba nekujeka uye kuwedzera zvishoma nezvishoma chinangwa. Kuwedzera kune zvibvumirano zvepamutemo, mitemo inoshandiswawo sechishandiso chakakosha: semuenzaniso, mitemo yekuburitsa mota, mitemo yekuchengetedza zvinhu, kana kunyora zvigadzirwa mukuchengetedza nharaunda. Mitemo iyi inoumba maitiro emusika wepasi rose uye inokurudzira nyika nemakambani kugadzirisa maitiro avo.
Zvido zvenyika nekutaurirana: pakati pechinangwa nekubvumirana
Pasinei nepfungwa yekuti "kuponesa pasi," hurukuro dzezvakatipoteredza dziri kuramba dzakazara nezvinodiwa nenyika. Nyika dzinonyanya kuvimba nemarasha kana mafuta dzichagara dzichingwarira pakuisa zvinangwa. Nyika dziri muzvitsuwa dzine njodzi yekusangana nematambudziko emamiriro ekunze dzichada zvinangwa zvepamusoro. Nyika dzichiri kusimukira dzinowanzo simbisa kodzero yekukura uye dzinotsvaga rutsigiro mumari, tekinoroji, uye kuvaka kugona.
Pfungwa yekuti "mabasa akafanana asi akasiyana" inokosha: nyika dzese dzine mutoro, asi mutoro wacho haugone kugoverwa zvakaenzana nekuti nyika dzakabudirira dzakaona maindasitiri uye dzakaburitsa utsi hwakawanda hwemhepo. Nhaurirano pamusoro pekuti ndiani anobhadhara, kuti yakawanda sei, uye nenzira ipi (rubatsiro, zvikwereti, mari) chikamu chaicho chekukurukurirana kwemamiriro ekunze.
Makwikwi ezvakatipoteredza, kutengeserana uye hupfumi
Mitemo yezvakatipoteredza iri kuramba ichibatanidzwa nekutengeserana kwenyika dzese. Nyika zhinji dziri kushandisa mitemo yezvakatipoteredza inokanganisa kuwanikwa kwemusika, senge zvinodiwa pakuchengetedza zvirimwa zvemasango, mafuta emuchindwe, hove, kana zvicherwa. Kune rumwe rutivi, mitemo iyi inogona kukurudzira maitiro ekugadzira asingakuvadzi nharaunda. Kune rumwe rutivi, nyika dzinotumira kunze dzinogona kuzviona sezvipingamupinyi zvisiri zvemitero kana nzira dzakavanzika dzekudzivirira.
Kuchinja kwesimba kuri kugadzirawo makwikwi matsva. Nyika dziri kukwikwidzana kutonga macheni emagetsi, mabhatiri, ma solar panels, uye zvicherwa zvakakosha zvakaita se nickel, cobalt, uye lithium. Kudyidzana kwezviwanikwa kuri kuramba kuchikosha, kusanganisira kushandira pamwe mukudyara mari, zvibvumirano zvekugovera, uye kusimbisa mwero weESG. Saka, mutemo wezvakatipoteredza unogona kuva chishandiso chekukwikwidzana kwemaindasitiri uye nzvimbo yemakwikwi ezvematongerwo enyika.
Kuchengetedzwa kwezvakatipoteredza uye mhedzisiro yekusawirirana
Zvakatipoteredza zvakabatanawo nekuchengetedzeka. Kuchinja kwemamiriro ekunze kunogona kuwedzera matambudziko emvura, kutadza kwezvirimwa, kutama kwevanhu, uye kusawirirana kwevanhu. Kunyange hazvo mamiriro ekunze asiri iwo ega anokonzera kusawirirana, anogona kushanda se "kukonzera njodzi," zvichiwedzera kushaya simba. Nyika nemasangano epasi rose ari kuramba achifunga nezvenjodzi dzemamiriro ekunze mumitemo yekudzivirira, kugadzirisa njodzi, uye kugadzikana kwenharaunda.
Uyezve, kurwisana nezvombo kunogona kuparadza nharaunda kuburikidza nekusvibiswa, moto, kana kukuvara kwezvivakwa. Kusiyana neizvi, manejimendi ezvakatipoteredza anoyambuka miganhu—senge nzizi dzepasi rose—anogona kuva chishandiso chekutaurirana nekuvaka chivimbo kana akatungamirirwa nenzira dzakarurama.
Basa revanhu vasiri vehurumende: maNGO, masayendisiti, maguta nemakambani
Hukama hwemazuva ano hwepasi rose hahusisiri hwenyika chete. MaNGO ezvakatipoteredza anoita basa rekutarisa zvisungo, kutsigira mitemo, uye kusimudzira ruzivo rweveruzhinji. Vesainzi, kuburikidza nemishumo yeIPCC nezvidzidzo zvakasiyana-siyana, vanoshanda senzvimbo inokosha yekutungamira nhaurirano negwara remitemo.
Maguta ari kuitawo kuti vanhu vazivikanwe kuburikidza nema network akaita seC40 kana ICLEI, zvichipiwa kuti utsi hwakawanda hunobva mumaguta. Panguva imwe chete, makambani epasi rose ari kukanganisa mitemo yekugadzira, mari yekudyara musimba, uye zvinangwa zvisina kusimba. Zvisinei, dambudziko rekuchengetedza zvirimwa—zvichemo zvisingaenderane nemaitiro chaiwo—rakabudawo, zvichikonzera kuwedzera kwekuda kwekujeka, kuongororwa kwemabhuku, uye mishumo.
Indonesia iri mukukurukurirana kwezvakatipoteredza
KuIndonesia, mutemo wezvakatipoteredza uri pakati pezvinhu zvinodiwa pakusimudzira, kuchengetedzwa kwemasango nemarudzi akasiyana-siyana ezvisikwa, uye kutsungirira njodzi dzemamiriro ekunze. Indonesia ine basa guru seimwe yenyika dzine masango makuru emunzvimbo dzinopisa uye ine nharaunda dzakawanda dzemugungwa. Kuedza kuderedza kuparadzwa kwemasango, kugadzirisa ivhu, kudzora moto wemasango, uye kuita shanduko yesimba kune simba guru pakubudisa utsi pasi rose.
Muhukama hwenyika dzese, Indonesia inobatanidzwa mumisangano yakasiyana-siyana—yakadai seUNFCCC, G20, neASEAN—kutsigira mari yemamiriro ekunze, kutamiswa kwetekinoroji, uye kuzivikanwa kwebasa renyika dziri kusimukira. Dambudziko nderekuona kuti mitemo yemuno inoenderana nezvisungo zvepasi rose ukuwo ichivimbisa shanduko yakarurama kune vashandi nenzvimbo dzinovimba nezvikamu zvezvisaririra.
Penutup
Mutemo wezvakatipoteredza nehukama hwenyika dzese hazvichaparadzaniswi. Dambudziko rezvakatipoteredza rinomanikidza nyika kuti dzishande pamwe chete, asi rinovhurawo nzvimbo itsva dzemakwikwi mu tekinoroji, kutengeserana, uye pesvedzero yezvematongerwo enyika. Kubudirira kwemutemo wepasi rose kunoenderana nekuvimbana, pachena, mari, uye kururamisira mukugovana mutoro. Pakupedzisira, diplomasi yezvakatipoteredza inoratidza sarudzo yepasi rose: kana nyika dzichida kuisa pamberi kuchengetedzeka sechinhu chimwe chete, kana kuti dzichiramba dzakabatwa nezvido zvenguva pfupi. Pakati penjodzi dziri kuwedzera dzemamiriro ekunze, mhinduro yemubvunzo uyu ndiyo ichasarudza nzira yekugadzikana kwepasi rose nekubudirira muzana rino remakore.
