{"id":4888,"date":"2021-06-27T15:56:16","date_gmt":"2021-06-27T22:56:16","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/?p=4888"},"modified":"2021-06-27T15:56:16","modified_gmt":"2021-06-27T22:56:16","slug":"emfs-in-series-and-parallel","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/emfs-in-series-and-parallel.htm","title":{"rendered":"EMFs in series and parallel","gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"text"}]},"content":{"rendered":"

\"EMFs<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

EMFs in series and parallel<\/strong><\/p>\n

If there are two or more sources of electromotive (emf) connected as shown in the figure, the emf is arranged in series.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The equivalent voltage<\/a> source (\u03b5) is:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b5<\/span><\/span> = <\/span><\/span>\u03b5<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + \u03b5<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + \u03b5<\/span><\/span>n<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n

The equivalent internal resistance (r) is:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

r = r<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + r<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + r<\/span><\/span>n<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n

The electric current flowing through the external resistance (R) is:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = <\/span><\/span>\u03b5<\/span><\/span> \/ (r + R)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sample problem:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suppose that two batteries each emf is 1.5 Volt and the internal resistance value in each battery is 0.1 \u03a9. External resistance (R) = 10 \u03a9. The direction of the electric current clockwise.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Use the previous formula:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b5 = 1.5 + 1.5 = 3 Volt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

r = 0.1 + 0.1 = 0.2 \u03a9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = \u03b5 \/ (r + R) = 3 \/ (0.2 + 10) <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = 3 \/ 10.2 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = 0.294 A<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Use Kirchhoff\u2019s second rule:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.5 \u2013 0.1 I + 1.5 \u2013 0.1 I \u2013 10 I = 0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3 \u2013 0.2 I \u2013 10 I = 0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3 \u2013 10.2 I = 0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

3 = 10.2 I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = 3 \/ 10.2<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = 0.294 A<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

If there are two or more sources of electromotive (emf) connected as shown in the figure, the emf is connected in parallel.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

The equivalent voltage source (\u03b5) is:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\"EMFs\u03b5<\/span><\/span> = <\/span><\/span>\u03b5<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = \u03b5<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = \u03b5<\/span><\/span>n<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n

The equivalent internal resistance (r) is:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1\/r = 1\/r<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + 1\/r<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + 1\/r<\/span><\/span>n<\/span><\/span><\/sub><\/p>\n

The electric current flowing through the external resistance (R) is:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = <\/span><\/span>\u03b5<\/span><\/span> \/ (r + R)<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Sample problem:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Suppose that two batteries each emf is 1.5 Volt and the resistance value in each battery is 0.1 \u03a9. External resistance (R) = 10 \u03a9.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Use the previous formula:<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b5 = 1.5 Volt<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1\/r = 1\/0.1 + 1\/0.1 = 2 \/ 0.1<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

r = 0.1 \/ 2 = 0.05 <\/span><\/span>\u03a9<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = \u03b5 \/ (r + R) = 1.5 \/ (0.05 + 10) = 1.5 \/ 10.05 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = 0.149 A<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Use Kirchhoff’s rule<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Apply Kirchhoff<\/a>‘s first rule:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = I <\/span><\/span> ………. Equation <\/span><\/span>1<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Analyze Aefca loop. The direction of the loop is clockwise. Apply Kirchhoff’s second rule:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b5<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> \u2013 I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> r<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> – I R = 0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.5 \u2013 0.1 I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> \u2013 10 I = 0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– 0.1 I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = 10 I \u2013 1.5<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = (10 I \u2013 1.5) \/ – 0.1 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = -100 I + 15 ………. <\/span><\/span>Equation 2<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Analyze the Befdb loop. The direction of the loop is clockwise. Apply Kirchhoff’s second law:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u03b5<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> \u2013 I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> r<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> – I R = 0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

1.5 \u2013 0.1 I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> \u2013 10 I = 0 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

\u2013 0.1 I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = 10 I \u2013 1.5 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = (10 I \u2013 1.5) \/ – 0.1 <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = -100 I + 15 ………. <\/span><\/span>Equation 3<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Substitute equation 2 and 3 to equation 1:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = I <\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

-100 I + 15 – 100 I + 15 = I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

– 200 I + 30 = I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

30 = I + 200 I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

30 = 201 I<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = 30 \/ 201<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I = 0.149 A<\/b><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Eliminate equation 2 and 3:<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = -100 I + 15<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = -100 I + 15<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

——————– –<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> \u2013 I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = 0<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

I<\/span><\/span>1 <\/span><\/span><\/sub>= I<\/span><\/span>2 <\/span><\/span><\/sub>………. Equation <\/span><\/span>4<\/i><\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

Because I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> + I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = I, where I<\/span><\/span>1<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> then I<\/span><\/span>1 <\/span><\/span><\/sub>= I<\/span><\/span>2<\/span><\/span><\/sub> = 1\/2 I = 1\/2 (0.149) = 0.0745 A.<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

EMFs in series and parallel If there are two or more sources of electromotive (emf) connected as shown in the figure, the emf is arranged in series. The equivalent voltage source (\u03b5) is: \u03b5 = \u03b51 + \u03b52 + \u03b5n The equivalent internal resistance (r) is: r = r1 + r2 + rn The electric … Read more<\/a><\/p>\n","protected":false,"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"rendered","format":"html"}]},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_seopress_titles_title":"","_seopress_titles_desc":"","_seopress_robots_index":"","_seopress_robots_follow":"","_seopress_robots_imageindex":"","_seopress_robots_snippet":"","_seopress_robots_primary_cat":"","_seopress_robots_breadcrumbs":"","_seopress_robots_freeze_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_custom_modified_date":"","_seopress_robots_canonical":"","_seopress_social_fb_title":"","_seopress_social_fb_desc":"","_seopress_social_fb_img":"","_seopress_social_fb_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_fb_img_height":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_title":"","_seopress_social_twitter_desc":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img":"","_seopress_social_twitter_img_attachment_id":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_width":0,"_seopress_social_twitter_img_height":0,"_seopress_redirections_value":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled":"","_seopress_redirections_enabled_regex":"","_seopress_redirections_logged_status":"","_seopress_redirections_param":"","_seopress_redirections_type":0,"_seopress_analysis_target_kw":"EMFs in series and parallel","_seopress_news_disabled":"","_seopress_video_disabled":"","_seopress_video":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas_manual":[],"_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable_all":"","_seopress_pro_rich_snippets_disable":[],"_seopress_pro_schemas":[],"footnotes":""},"categories":[2],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-4888","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-basic-physics-tutorials"],"gt_translate_keys":[{"key":"link","format":"url"}],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4888","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=4888"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/4888\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=4888"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=4888"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/gurumuda.net\/physics\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=4888"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}