Mutu: Chiphunzitso cha Schumpeter: Kufufuza Zatsopano ndi Mphamvu za Capitalism
Pendauluan
Chiphunzitso cha Schumpeter, chomwe chinachokera ku ntchito ya katswiri wodziwika bwino wazachuma Joseph Schumpeter, chimapereka chidziwitso chakuya cha momwe luso limayendetsera kayendetsedwe ka chuma. Wobadwira ku Moravia, komwe tsopano ndi gawo la Czech Republic, mu 1883, Schumpeter anakhala m'modzi mwa akatswiri oganiza bwino zachuma a m'zaka za m'ma 20. Chimodzi mwa zopereka zake zazikulu chinali malingaliro ake pa udindo wa amalonda ndi luso poyendetsa chuma cha capitalist. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mbali zosiyanasiyana za chiphunzitso cha Schumpeter, makamaka lingaliro lake la 'kuwononga chilengedwe' ndi udindo wa amalonda monga othandizira kusintha kwachuma.
Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso cha Schumpeter
Schumpeter ankaona kuti capitalism ndi njira yosinthika nthawi zonse, yoyendetsedwa ndi zatsopano ndi ukadaulo watsopano. Mosiyana ndi akatswiri ambiri azachuma a nthawi yake, omwe ankaona chuma molingana ndi mgwirizano, Schumpeter ankanena kuti chuma sichikhazikika kwenikweni. M'malo mwake, adapereka lingaliro lakuti chuma nthawi zonse chimakhala munjira yosinthika chifukwa cha kusakhazikika komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zatsopano.
Malinga ndi Schumpeter, zatsopano zimabwera m'njira zosiyanasiyana: zinthu zatsopano, njira zatsopano zopangira, misika yatsopano, ndi mitundu yatsopano ya mabungwe. Zatsopanozi zimayendetsedwa ndi amalonda omwe amatenga zoopsa ndikuyambitsa malingaliro omwe amasintha momwe katundu ndi ntchito zimapangidwira kapena kugulitsidwa.
Kuwononga Kwachilengedwe
Lingaliro la 'kuwononga zinthu mwanzeru' ndilofunika kwambiri pa chiphunzitso cha Schumpeter ndipo limatanthauza njira yomwe zatsopano zimawonongera mafakitale kapena makampani omwe alipo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chuma chipite patsogolo. Ngakhale kuti njira imeneyi ingakhale yopweteka, chifukwa cha kutayika kwa ntchito zomwe zilipo komanso ndalama zomwe zilipo, Schumpeter ankakhulupirira kuti ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwachuma kwa nthawi yayitali.
Kuwononga zinthu mwaluso kumafotokoza momwe ukadaulo watsopano ndi zatsopano zimapangitsira zinthu zakale kukhala zosagwira ntchito. Mwachitsanzo, kubwera kwa magalimoto kunalowa m'malo mwa ngolo yokokedwa ndi akavalo, ndipo posachedwapa, kubwera kwa intaneti kwasintha kwambiri makampani opanga nkhani ndi ogulitsa. Ngakhale izi zapangitsa kuti ntchito zitayike m'magawo ena, zatsegulanso mwayi watsopano wa ntchito ndi mafakitale.
Udindo wa Amalonda
Schumpeter anaika amalonda pakati pa njira zatsopano. Malinga ndi maganizo ake, amalonda ndi oimira kusintha omwe amazindikira ndikugwiritsa ntchito mwayi wopanga phindu latsopano. Ndi anthu omwe amadutsa malire achikhalidwe kuti apange zinthu ndi ntchito zomwe sizinakhalepo kale.
Malinga ndi Schumpeter, amalonda si akatswiri opanga zinthu zatsopano okha komanso oyang'anira zoopsa komanso atsogoleri olimbikitsa. Amatha kuwona kupitirira momwe zinthu zilili panopa ndikuwona tsogolo losiyana. Mwa kugwiritsa ntchito luso limeneli, amasokoneza misika yomwe ilipo ndikupanga njira zatsopano zamalonda ndi ndalama.
Kusintha kwa Bizinesi
Ntchito ya Schumpeter imaperekanso malingaliro apadera okhudza kayendetsedwe ka bizinesi. Iye anati zinthu zatsopano zimabwera pang'onopang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti chuma chizikula komanso chizichepa. Pamene zinthu zatsopano zazikulu ziyambitsidwa, zimapangitsa kuti chuma chizikula kwambiri. Komabe, pamene zinthu zatsopanozi zikufalikira ndikuyamba kulepheretsa anthu kukhala ndi mphamvu zina kapena kukumana ndi mpikisano, kukula kumachepa, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti chuma chiziyenda bwino.
Kuzungulira kumeneku, ngakhale kukuwoneka ngati kowononga, kwenikweni ndi njira yoti chuma chidzibwezeretse ndikusunga kukula kwa nthawi yayitali. Malinga ndi maganizo a Schumpeter, kuchepa kwachuma ndikofunikira kuti zinthu zisinthe kuchoka ku mafakitale omwe akuchepa kupita ku mafakitale atsopano, osinthika komanso opindulitsa.
Kutsutsa ndi Kufunika kwa Chiphunzitso cha Schumpeter
Monga chiphunzitso chilichonse chachikulu cha zachuma, maganizo a Schumpeter atsutsidwa. Otsutsa ena amanena kuti maganizo a Schumpeter okhudza kuwononga zinthu mwanzeru amanyalanyaza zotsatira za kusintha kwachuma mwachangu, kuphatikizapo kusowa ntchito komanso kufalikira kwa kusalingana. Kuphatikiza apo, kutsindika kwake amalonda ngati omwe amayambitsa zatsopano nthawi zina kumawonedwa ngati kunyalanyaza udindo wa luso logwirizana komanso la mabungwe.
Komabe, malingaliro a Schumpeter okhudza luso latsopano ndi kuwononga zinthu zatsopano akadali ofunikabe masiku ano. M'dziko la bizinesi ndi ukadaulo lomwe likuyenda mofulumira, kuwononga zinthu zatsopano kungawonekere m'mafakitale osiyanasiyana. Chitsanzo chomveka bwino ndi makampani aukadaulo wazidziwitso, komwe makampani akuluakulu amatha kusinthidwa mwachangu ndi atsopano atsopano. Mofananamo, m'makampani amagetsi, komwe zatsopano mu mphamvu zongowonjezwdwanso zikusintha mawonekedwe a mphamvu padziko lonse lapansi.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha Schumpeter chimapereka lingaliro losinthika komanso lopita patsogolo la capitalism. Mwa kuwonetsa udindo wa zatsopano ndi amalonda, Schumpeter amapereka njira yamphamvu yomvetsetsera kusintha kwachuma ndi kukula. Lingaliro la kuwononga zinthu mwanzeru, ngakhale kuti ndi lotsutsana, likugogomezera kufunika kosintha zinthu ndi kukhazikika mu dongosolo lazachuma lomwe limasintha nthawi zonse.
Munthawi yamakono, pomwe kusintha kwa ukadaulo ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi zikuchitika mwachangu, malingaliro a Schumpeter amatithandiza kumvetsetsa njira yosinthira zachuma. Mwa kuwunika nthawi zonse momwe zatsopano zingakhudzire makampani ndi anthu, titha kukhala okonzeka bwino kuthana ndi mavuto ndi mwayi womwe uli patsogolo. Kupatula kungoganiza zachuma, malingaliro a Schumpeter ndi chitsogozo choyendetsera dziko loyendetsedwa ndi zatsopano ndi kusintha.
