Chiphunzitso cha Keynes cha Kufuna Ndalama: Kumvetsetsa Mphamvu za Zachuma mu Zachuma
Chiphunzitso cha kufunikira kwa ndalama ndi lingaliro lofunikira mu zachuma zazikulu zomwe zimathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu ndi makampani amasankha kusunga ndalama zosiyanasiyana nthawi zosiyanasiyana. Limodzi mwa malingaliro ofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi limachokera kwa John Maynard Keynes, katswiri wazachuma waku Britain yemwe ntchito yake idasintha momwe timamvetsetsera zachuma zazikulu ndi mfundo zachuma ndi zachuma.
Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso cha Keynesian cha Maganizo
Keynes adayambitsa chiphunzitso chake mu ntchito yake yodziwika bwino, "The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money," yomwe idasindikizidwa mu 1936. Chiphunzitso cha Keynes chidatsutsa lingaliro lakale lakuti misika idzabweretsa chuma ku mkhalidwe wantchito zonse. Malinga ndi malingaliro a Keynes, boma ndi akuluakulu azachuma ayenera kutenga gawo lofunikira pakulamulira kufunikira kwa chuma chonse.
Ponena za chiphunzitsochi, Keynes adatchula zifukwa zitatu zazikulu zomwe anthu amasungira ndalama, zomwe ndi: cholinga chogulitsa zinthu, cholinga chodzitetezera, ndi cholinga chongoganizira.
1. Cholinga cha Kugulitsa
Cholinga cha malonda ndicho chifukwa chachikulu chomwe anthu ndi mabizinesi amasungira ndalama. Ndalama zimafunika kuti azichita malonda a tsiku ndi tsiku, monga kugula katundu ndi ntchito. Mwachidule, mabizinesi amafunika ndalama kuti alipire malipiro, agule zinthu zopangira, komanso kuti akwaniritse ndalama zonse zogwirira ntchito.
Kufuna ndalama zogulira zinthu kumakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza. Ndalama zomwe munthu kapena kampani amapeza zikakwera, zimamuthandiza kupeza ndalama zambiri zogulira zinthu tsiku ndi tsiku. Keynes adawonetsa ubale wolunjika pakati pa kufunikira ndalama zogulira zinthu ndi kuchuluka kwa ntchito zachuma. Pamene chuma chikukula, kufunikira ndalama zogulira zinthu kumawonjezeka.
2. Cholinga Chodzitetezera
Cholinga chachiwiri mu chiphunzitso cha Keynes chofuna ndalama ndi cholinga chodzitetezera. Izi zikusonyeza chikhumbo cha anthu kapena makampani kusunga ndalama ngati chosungira ku zochitika zosayembekezereka. Mwachitsanzo, mabanja angasunge ndalama zowonjezera kuti ayembekezere ndalama zadzidzidzi, monga chisamaliro chaumoyo kapena kukonza nyumba.
Pa mlingo wa makampani, ndalama zadzidzidzi ndizofunikira kwambiri pothana ndi kusinthasintha kosayembekezereka kwa ndalama zomwe amapeza kapena ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Zinthu zakunja, monga masoka achilengedwe kapena mavuto azachuma, zingayambitsenso makampani ndi anthu pawokha kuwonjezera ndalama zomwe amasunga.
Kufunika kwa ndalama mosamala kumakhudzidwa ndi kuchuluka kwa kusatsimikizika kwachuma komanso kwaumwini. Kusatsimikizika komwe kumaoneka kwakukulu, kumabweretsa chikhumbo chachikulu chosunga ndalama.
3. Zolinga Zongoganizira
Cholinga cha malingaliro ndi gawo lomwe limasiyanitsa chiphunzitso cha Keynes chokhudza kufunikira kwa ndalama ndi malingaliro akale. Keynes adati anthu amakhala ndi ndalama chifukwa cha chiwongola dzanja komanso ziyembekezo zokhudzana ndi kusintha kwa mtengo wa ndalama, monga ma bond.
Malinga ndi Keynes, chiwongola dzanja chikakhala chotsika, anthu amakhala ndi mwayi wokhala ndi ndalama kuposa kugula ma bond, poyembekezera kuti chiwongola dzanja chidzakwera mtsogolo, motero mitengo ya ma bond ikakhala yotsika. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chiwongola dzanja chikakhala chokwera, anthu amakhala ndi mwayi woyika ndalama zawo m'ma bond, poyembekezera kupeza phindu lalikulu kuposa kungosunga ndalama.
Kufuna ndalama kongoganizira kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi ziyembekezo zokhudza kusintha kwa chiwongola dzanja. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kufunikira kwa ndalama kumagwirizananso kwambiri ndi momwe msika wazachuma umakhalira komanso mfundo zandalama zomwe mabanki apakati amagwiritsa ntchito.
Zotsatira za Ndondomeko za Chiphunzitso cha Keynes cha Kufuna Ndalama
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Keynes adapereka pankhani yokhudza kufunikira kwa ndalama chinali lingaliro lake lakuti mfundo zachuma zitha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu pa chuma. Mwa kuwongolera kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zikupezeka komanso chiwongola dzanja, mabanki apakati amatha kusintha kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zikuyenda mu chuma, komanso kuchuluka kwa ntchito zachuma.
Mwachitsanzo, pa nthawi ya mavuto azachuma, banki yayikulu ingachepetse chiwongola dzanja kuti ilimbikitse ndalama ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, poganiza kuti iwonjezera kufunikira kwa ndalama zonse. Ngati chiwongola dzanja chochepa, kusunga ndalama kumakhala kosasangalatsa, kotero anthu ndi mabizinesi amakonda kugwiritsa ntchito ndalama zawo kapena kuziyika.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, chuma chikakwera kwambiri, banki yayikulu ikhoza kukweza chiwongola dzanja kuti ichepetse kufunikira kwa ndalama zonse. Pankhaniyi, kusunga ndalama kapena kusunga kumakhala kokongola kwambiri chifukwa cha phindu la ndalama zomwe zayikidwa munjira ya chiwongola dzanja chokwera.
Kudzudzula Kowonjezereka ndi Kukula
Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso cha Keynes chokhudza kufunikira kwa ndalama chathandiza kwambiri pakumvetsetsa kwathu zachuma, chatsutsidwanso komanso chapita patsogolo. Akatswiri ena azachuma amanena kuti chitsanzo cha Keynes chimafewetsa kwambiri khalidwe la anthu ndipo sichifotokoza mokwanira zinthu zamaganizo kapena zachikhalidwe zomwe zimakhudza zisankho zachuma.
Kuphatikiza apo, kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo ndi njira zamakono zolipirira kwasinthanso momwe anthu ndi mabizinesi amagwiritsira ntchito ndalama. Makonzedwe azachuma a digito, monga makhadi a ngongole ndi malipiro apakompyuta, achepetsa kufunika kosunga ndalama zambiri zogulira tsiku ndi tsiku kapena zodzitetezera.
Komabe, mfundo zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha Keynes cha zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa ndalama zidakali zofunikira, makamaka pofufuza mfundo zachuma komanso mayankho ku kusinthasintha kwachuma.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha Keynes chokhudza kufunikira kwa ndalama chimapereka njira yamphamvu yomvetsetsera chifukwa chake anthu amakhala ndi ndalama zina m'mikhalidwe yosiyanasiyana yazachuma. Mwa kufufuza mozama za malonda, zodzitetezera, komanso zolinga zongoganizira, Keynes sanangofotokoza za khalidwe la anthu ndi makampani komanso anatsegula njira yoti mfundo zachuma zikhale zogwira ntchito pokhazikitsa chuma.
Ngakhale kuti mbali zina za chiphunzitsochi zikupitirirabe kutsutsidwa ndi kusintha kwa ukadaulo komanso kusintha kwa msika wapadziko lonse lapansi, mfundo yaikulu ya malingaliro a Keynes ikadali yofunika kwambiri popanga mfundo zachuma masiku ano. Ndondomeko yogwira ntchito bwino yandalama ikupitilizabe kudalira mfundo zazikulu za Keynes kuti zitsimikizire kukhazikika kwachuma komanso ubwino wa anthu onse.
