Ukadaulo Wolumikizirana wa 6G
Ukadaulo wolumikizirana ukupitilira kupita patsogolo mwachangu kuchokera ku mibadwomibadwo kupita ku mibadwo. Pambuyo pa 1G, yomwe idayambitsa mafoni a analog, 2G, yomwe idabweretsa SMS, 3G, yomwe idatchukitsa intaneti yam'manja, 4G, yomwe idapangitsa kuti kuwonera makanema kukhale chizolowezi, ndi 5G, yomwe imapereka kuchedwa kochepa komanso chithandizo chachikulu cha zida, dziko lapansi tsopano likuyang'ana gawo lotsatira: 6G. Ngakhale kuti 6G sinagwiritsidwe ntchito kwambiri pamalonda, yakhala malo ofufuzira m'maiko ambiri, mayunivesite, ndi makampani akuluakulu aukadaulo. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mwachidule za 6G, zolinga zake zachitukuko, makhalidwe ake akuluakulu, ukadaulo wothandizira, komanso zovuta zake komanso zomwe zimakhudza anthu.
Kodi 6G ndi chiyani?
6G (m'badwo wachisanu ndi chimodzi) ndi m'badwo wachisanu ndi chimodzi wa ma netiweki am'manja omwe akuyembekezeka kukhala m'malo mwa 5G, cholinga chake ndi kupereka liwiro lalikulu la data, kuchedwa kochepa, mphamvu yayikulu, komanso kulumikizana kolimba pakati pa ma netiweki olumikizirana ndi luntha lochita kupanga. Ngati 5G nthawi zambiri imatchedwa maziko a intaneti yamakono ya Zinthu (IoT), ndiye kuti 6G imawonedwa ngati "network yanzeru" yomwe imatha kulumikiza anthu, makina, masensa, ndi malo a digito mwanjira yogwirizana kwambiri.
Maulosi osiyanasiyana akusonyeza kuti 6G iyamba kuyesa kwambiri kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2020 ndipo mwina ipezeka m'masitolo pafupifupi chaka cha 2030. Komabe, nthawi imeneyi ingasinthe kutengera kukonzekera kwaukadaulo, miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi, komanso ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa zomangamanga.
Nchifukwa chiyani tikufunika 6G?
Funso lomwe limafunsidwa kawirikawiri ndi lakuti: ngati 5G sinafalikire, n’chifukwa chiyani tikuganizira kale za 6G? Yankho lake lili pa zosowa zamtsogolo. M’zaka zingapo zikubwerazi, chiwerengero cha zipangizo zolumikizidwa chikuyembekezeka kuwonjezeka kwambiri, kuphatikizapo masensa anzeru a mzinda, magalimoto odziyendetsa okha, zipangizo zachipatala, ma drones, maloboti a mafakitale, komanso zipangizo za AR/VR zomwe zimafuna kulumikizana kokhazikika komanso nthawi yeniyeni.
Kuphatikiza apo, ntchito zamtsogolo sizidzakhala "zachangu" kokha m'lingaliro la bandwidth yayikulu, komanso zimafuna yankho mwachangu, kudalirika kwambiri, komanso kuthekera kwa netiweki kuyendetsa zinthu zokha. 6G ikuyembekezeka kuthana ndi zosowa izi, makamaka pa ntchito monga opaleshoni yakutali, mapasa a digito a mafakitale, kulumikizana kotetezeka kwambiri kwa magalimoto kupita ku chilichonse (V2X), komanso zokumana nazo zenizeni.
Zolinga zazikulu za 6G ndi makhalidwe ake
Ngakhale kuti miyezo yovomerezeka ya 6G ikukambidwabe, zolinga zingapo zomwe zimatchulidwa kawirikawiri m'mabuku ofufuza:
1. Liwiro lalikulu kwambiri
6G ikuyembekezeka kufika pa liwiro la mazana a Gbps, ngakhale kufika pa 1 Tbps pansi pa mikhalidwe ina. Izi zithandiza kutsitsa zinthu zazikulu mumasekondi ndi kuwonera makanema odziwika bwino kwambiri.
2. Kuchedwa kochepa kwambiri
Ngakhale kuti 5G ikufuna kuchedwa kwa pafupifupi 1 ms pazochitika zina, 6G ikufuna kuchepetsa kufika pa sub-milliseconds. Kuchedwa kochepa kwambiri ndikofunikira kwambiri pakuwongolera ma robot, magalimoto odziyendetsa okha, komanso ntchito zamafakitale zolondola.
3. Kulumikizana kwakukulu komanso kuchulukana
6G idzafunika kutumikira zida mabiliyoni ambiri, kuphatikizapo zida zazikulu za IoT. Izi zikutanthauza kuti ma netiweki ayenera kukhala ndi mphamvu zolumikizirana zambiri pa dera lililonse komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu moyenera.
4. Kudalirika komanso chitetezo champhamvu
Mapulogalamu ofunikira amafunika kudalirika kwambiri. 6G ikuyembekezeka kuphatikiza chitetezo chokhwima kuyambira pachiyambi mpaka kumapeto, kuphatikizapo njira zotsimikizira zosinthika komanso njira zobisa.
5. Kuphatikiza kwa AI mu ma network (ma network a AI-native)
Chimodzi mwa zizindikiro za 6G ndikugwiritsa ntchito luntha lochita kupanga ngati gawo lalikulu la netiweki, osati kungowonjezera. Luso lochita kupanga lingagwiritsidwe ntchito pokonza ma spectrum, kuyang'anira mphamvu, kukonza zinthu zodziwikiratu, komanso kuyang'anira kuchuluka kwa magalimoto pa netiweki nthawi yeniyeni.
Ukadaulo wothandizira wa 6G
Kuti akwaniritse zolinga zazikuluzi, 6G ikuyembekezeka kugwiritsa ntchito kuphatikiza ukadaulo watsopano ndi kupitiliza kupanga 5G.
1. Sipekitiramu yapamwamba kwambiri: sub-THz ndi THz
5G imagwiritsa kale ntchito mafunde a millimeter (mmWave). 6G mwina idzafalikira kwambiri m'magulu a sub-terahertz ndi terahertz (THz). Mtundu uwu umapereka bandwidth yayikulu, koma umabweretsa zovuta: kutalika kochepa, kuthekera kwakukulu kokumana ndi zopinga, komanso kufunikira kwa mapangidwe atsopano a antenna ndi zida.
2. Ma antenna anzeru ndi Massive MIMO apamwamba kwambiri
Ukadaulo waukulu wa MIMO udzawonjezeredwa kuti upange kuwala kolondola, kuchepetsa kusokoneza, ndikuwonjezera mphamvu ya sipekitiramu. Ma antenna anzeru amalola ma netiweki kutumiza mauthenga kwa ogwiritsa ntchito, makamaka m'malo okhala anthu ambiri.
3. Malo Anzeru Osinthika (RIS)
RIS ndi malo "anzeru" omwe amatha kuwonetsa ndikuwongolera mafunde a wailesi mwanjira yolamulidwa. Ukadaulo uwu uli ndi kuthekera kothandiza kuthetsa vuto la zizindikiro zomwe zimatsekedwa ndi nyumba kapena zopinga zina, komanso kuwonjezera kuchuluka kwa ma signal popanda kuwonjezera nsanja zatsopano zotumizira nthawi zonse.
4. Kuphatikiza maukonde a dziko lapansi, mlengalenga ndi ma satelayiti
6G ikuyembekezeka kulimbikitsa lingaliro la maukonde a 3D: osati malo oyambira pansi okha, komanso thandizo kuchokera ku ma drones, mabaluni a mpweya wotentha, ndi ma satellites otsika ozungulira (LEO). Izi zitha kuthandizira kulumikizana m'madera akutali, panyanja, komanso m'madera omwe masoka achilengedwe achitika.
5. Kulankhulana ndi kuzindikira zimakhala chimodzi
Lingaliro la Integrated Sensing and Communication (ISAC) limalola ma network kuti asatumize deta komanso "kuzindikira" chilengedwe, mwachitsanzo, kuzindikira malo kapena kayendedwe ka chinthu. Izi ndizothandiza pamagalimoto odziyimira pawokha, chitetezo, ndi ntchito zamafakitale.
6. Makompyuta amphamvu kwambiri
Kuti muchepetse kuchedwa ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ntchito zenizeni zikuyenda bwino, kukonza zambiri kudzachitika m'mphepete, pafupi ndi wogwiritsa ntchito. Kuwerengera kwa Edge kumathandiza kuchepetsa kufunikira kotumiza deta ku malo akutali a data.
Zotsatira za 6G pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku
Ngati 6G ikwaniritsidwa monga momwe ikuyembekezeredwa, zotsatira zake zitha kumveka kutali kwambiri:
– Zaumoyo: telemedicine yapamwamba kwambiri, kuyang'anira odwala nthawi yeniyeni, ndi njira zachipatala zakutali molondola kwambiri.
– Makampani: mafakitale anzeru okhala ndi maloboti ogwirizana, mapasa a digito owunikira makina, komanso magwiridwe antchito apamwamba.
– Mayendedwe: magalimoto odziyendetsa okha ndi otetezeka chifukwa mauthenga a V2X ndi odalirika komanso achangu.
- Maphunziro ndi zosangalatsa: Kuphunzira mozama pogwiritsa ntchito AR/VR ndi zochitika monga kukhala mkalasi kapena labotale yeniyeni.
- Mizinda yanzeru: kasamalidwe kophatikizana ka magalimoto, mphamvu, ndi chitetezo cha anthu pogwiritsa ntchito masensa.
Mavuto a chitukuko cha 6G
Ngakhale kuti 6G ikupereka chiyembekezo, ikukumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu:
1. Zofunikira pa zomangamanga ndi ndalama zake
Ma frequency apamwamba amafuna ma transmitter ambiri, zida zatsopano, ndi mapangidwe osiyanasiyana a netiweki. Izi zimafuna ndalama zambiri.
2. Kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu ndi kukhazikika kwa zinthu
Netiweki yochuluka imatha kuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito magetsi. 6G iyenera kupangidwa kuti ikhale yosunga mphamvu moyenera komanso yoteteza chilengedwe.
3. Kukhazikitsa miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi
Kuti zipangizo ndi maukonde azigwirizana m'maiko osiyanasiyana, miyezo yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe yavomerezedwa ikufunika. Njirayi ndi yayitali ndipo imakhudza magulu ambiri.
4. Chitetezo ndi chinsinsi
Chifukwa cha kukula kwa luso la AI ndi kuzindikira, zoopsa zomwe zingachitike pa chinsinsi zikuwonjezekanso. Makina a 6G ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti deta ikutetezedwa bwino.
Kutseka
6G sikuti imangowonjezera liwiro la intaneti yam'manja, koma ndi sitepe yopita ku netiweki yolumikizirana yanzeru, yoyankha, komanso yogwirizana ndi makina osiyanasiyana a digito. Kudzera mu THz spectrum, ma network a AI, kuphatikiza ma satellite, RIS, edge computing, ndi lingaliro la kulumikizana ndi kuzindikira, 6G ikuyembekezeka kutsegula chitseko cha zatsopano zazikulu mu chisamaliro chaumoyo, mafakitale, mayendedwe, ndi maphunziro. Komabe, kuti izi zitheke, dziko lapansi likufunikabe kuthana ndi mavuto mu zomangamanga, mtengo, mphamvu, ndi chitetezo. Ngati chitukuko chikuyenda motsatira dongosolo, zaka khumi zikubwerazi zidzakhala kusintha kupita ku nthawi yolumikizana kwambiri komwe kumalumikizidwa ndi moyo wa anthu.
