Zizindikiro ndi Machitidwe mu Kulankhulana
Kulankhulana kwa mafoni kwakhala chinsinsi chachikulu pakukula kwa ukadaulo ndi kusintha kwa digito m'nthawi yamakono. Kutha kutumiza ndi kulandira chidziwitso patali nthawi yeniyeni kwatsegula dziko la mwayi kwa anthu m'mbali zonse za moyo, kuphatikizapo bizinesi, maphunziro, chisamaliro chaumoyo, ndi zosangalatsa. Mfundo ziwiri zazikulu zomwe zili muukadaulo wa kulumikizana ndi mafoni ndi zizindikiro ndi machitidwe. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama zizindikiro ndi machitidwe okhudzana ndi kulumikizana, komanso momwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zitheke kulankhulana patali.
Kodi Chizindikiro ndi Chiyani?
Pankhani yolumikizirana, chizindikiro chingatanthauzidwe ngati chiwonetsero chenicheni cha chidziwitso chomwe chimatumizidwa kuchokera pamalo ena kupita kwina. Zizindikiro zimatha kukhala za analogi kapena za digito. Mitundu iwiriyi ya zizindikiro ili ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito m'mapulogalamu osiyanasiyana olumikizirana.
Chizindikiro cha Analog
Chizindikiro cha analogi ndi chizindikiro chosonyeza chidziwitso mosalekeza. Chitsanzo chosavuta cha chizindikiro cha analogi ndi mafunde a mawu. Mafunde a mawu ojambulidwa ndi maikolofoni amasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro chamagetsi cha analogi chomwe chimatha kuyenda kudzera m'mabwalo amagetsi. Zizindikiro za analogi izi zili ndi ubwino woyimira bwino ndipo zimatha kunyamula mosavuta chidziwitso chochuluka. Komabe, zizindikiro za analogi zimatha kusokonezedwa ndi kusokonezedwa, zomwe zingachepetse ubwino wa chidziwitso chotumizidwa.
Chizindikiro cha Digito
Koma chizindikiro cha digito ndi chizindikiro chosiyana cha chidziwitso. Mu dziko la digito, chidziwitso chimasungidwa mu mndandanda wa ma bits (0s ndi 1s). Zizindikiro za digito zili ndi ubwino woti sizingasokonezedwe ndi kukulitsidwa popanda kutaya ubwino wa chidziwitso. Ukadaulo wamakono wolumikizirana, monga mafoni am'manja, intaneti, ndi wailesi yakanema ya digito, makamaka umagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za digito chifukwa cha ubwino wawo.
Kodi Dongosolo ndi Chiyani?
Dongosolo lokhudzana ndi kulumikizana ndi mafoni ndi gulu la zigawo zomwe zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kutumiza, kulandira, ndi kukonza zizindikiro za chidziwitso. Dongosolo logwira ntchito bwino la kulumikizana limafuna zigawo zingapo zofunika, kuphatikizapo gwero la chidziwitso, kutumiza, kulandira, ndi kukonza zizindikiro.
Zida
Gwero la chidziwitso ndi poyambira pa njira yolumikizirana. Izi zitha kukhala mawu a munthu pafoni, uthenga wa SMS, kanema pa kanema, kapena deta ya digito yotumizidwa pa intaneti. Gwero la chidziwitso nthawi zambiri limasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro ndi encoder.
Kutumiza kwa Chizindikiro
Chidziwitsocho chikasinthidwa kukhala chizindikiro, gawo lotumizira mauthenga limakhala ndi udindo wotumiza chizindikirocho kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zotumizira mauthenga. Mauthengawa amatha kukhala ndi waya (monga fiber optic kapena copper cables) kapena opanda waya (monga mafunde a wailesi kapena zizindikiro za satellite).
Mu kutumiza zizindikiro, njira zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kutumiza zizindikiro moyenera komanso moyenera. Kusinthasintha ndi njira imodzi yofunika kwambiri, pomwe chizindikiro cha chidziwitso chimayikidwa pamwamba pa mafunde onyamula kuti chizitha kutumizidwa kudzera mu njira yotumizira mauthenga. Pali mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya kusintha, kuphatikizapo kusintha kwa amplitude (AM), kusintha kwa ma frequency (FM), ndi kusintha kwa gawo (PM).
Kulandila Zizindikiro
Pambuyo poti chizindikiro chatumizidwa kudzera mu njira yotumizira mauthenga, chiyenera kulandiridwa ndi wolandila mauthenga. Ntchito ya wolandila mauthenga ndi kuzindikira chizindikiro chotumizidwa ndikuchisintha kukhala chidziwitso chomwe wogwiritsa ntchito amatha kumvetsetsa. Mu makina olumikizirana opanda zingwe, ma antenna amagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pankhaniyi. Mu makina olumikizirana mauthenga, ma electronic receiver amasintha chizindikirocho kukhala chidziwitso choyambirira.
Kukonza Zizindikiro
Kukonza zizindikiro ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri poonetsetsa kuti chidziwitso cholandiridwa chikukhalabe chapamwamba. Ukadaulo wa digito umalola kugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana zokonza zizindikiro kuti muchepetse kusokoneza, kuchotsa phokoso, ndikukulitsa zizindikiro zofooka. Njira zina zodziwika bwino zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pokonza zizindikiro ndi monga kulemba magwero, kulemba ma channel, ndi njira zowongolera zolakwika.
Kuchulukitsa ndi Kuchepetsa Kuchulukitsa
Mu njira zovuta zolumikizirana mauthenga, zizindikiro zingapo ziyenera kutumizidwa nthawi imodzi kudzera mu njira imodzi. Izi zimatheka chifukwa cha njira zochulukitsa, zomwe zimaphatikiza zizindikiro zingapo kukhala chizindikiro chimodzi chophatikizana kuti zitumizidwe. Njira zochulukitsa zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi Time Division Multiplexing (TDM) ndi Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM).
Chizindikiro chophatikizana chikafika pa wolandila, njira yochotsera zinthu zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito kulekanitsa zizindikiro za zigawo ndikuzibwezeretsa ku mawonekedwe ake oyambirira. Izi zimatsimikizira kuti zidutswa zosiyanasiyana za chidziwitso zimafika komwe zikupita popanda kusokonezedwa.
Kusokoneza ndi Phokoso mu Kulankhulana
Zizindikiro mu makina olumikizirana mauthenga sizimayenda bwino nthawi zonse. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zachilengedwe zingayambitse kusokonezeka ndi phokoso, zomwe zingakhudze mtundu wa zizindikiro zomwe zimatumizidwa ndi kulandiridwa.
Kusokoneza
Kusokoneza ndi kusokonezeka komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha zizindikiro zina zomwe zimatumiza pafupipafupi yomweyi kapena pafupi ndi chizindikiro chomwe mukufuna kutumiza. Mu makina opanda zingwe, kusokoneza nthawi zambiri kumachitika chifukwa cha zipangizo zina zomwe zimagwiritsa ntchito pafupipafupi yomweyi, monga zipangizo za Wi-Fi, ma uvuni a microwave, kapena mafoni am'manja.
phokoso
Phokoso ndi kusokoneza mwachisawawa komwe kungachitike panthawi yotumiza chizindikiro. Phokoso lingachokere kuzinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo phokoso la kutentha (lomwe limayamba chifukwa cha kugwedezeka mwachisawawa kwa ma elekitironi mu kondakitala), phokoso la crosstalk (lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi mphamvu ya zizindikiro pa mizere yotumizira yoyandikana nayo), ndi phokoso la mlengalenga (lomwe limayambitsidwa ndi zochitika zachilengedwe monga mphezi ndi zizindikiro za wailesi zakuthambo).
Akatswiri opanga mauthenga amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana kuti achepetse zotsatira za phokoso ndi kusokoneza, kuphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito zosefera, kulemba ma channel, ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zolumikizirana ndi zizindikiro.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Zizindikiro ndi Machitidwe mu Kulankhulana Kwamakono
Zaka za m'ma 2000 zaona kusintha kwakukulu muukadaulo wolumikizirana, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro ndi machitidwe m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Nazi zitsanzo zazikulu:
Netiweki ya Foni
Ma network a mafoni ndi amodzi mwa mapulogalamu ofunikira kwambiri olumikizirana omwe amagwiritsa ntchito ma siginecha ndi machitidwe. Mu ma network awa, kulumikizana pakati pa mafoni ndi malo oyambira kumaphatikizapo kutumiza ma siginecha a wailesi pogwiritsa ntchito njira za digito zosinthira ndi kukonza ma siginecha.
Internet
Intaneti ndi netiweki yapadziko lonse lapansi yomwe imalumikiza makompyuta ndi zida zina mamiliyoni ambiri. Zizindikiro za digito zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kutumiza deta kudzera pa netiweki za waya ndi zopanda zingwe, ndi njira zinazake zoyendetsera kutumiza ndi kulandira deta.
Satelayiti Yolumikizirana
Ma satellite olumikizirana amadalira ma siginecha a wailesi kuti atumize uthenga kuchokera pamalo ena padziko lapansi kupita kwina kudzera mumlengalenga. Njira zovuta zosinthira ndi kukonza ma siginecha zimagwiritsidwa ntchito potumiza ma siginecha bwino ndikuchepetsa kusokoneza.
Televizioni ya Digito
Televizioni ya digito imagwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro za digito potumiza zithunzi ndi mawu abwino kwambiri. Njira zosiyanasiyana zolembera ndi kukonza zizindikiro zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuti zitsimikizire kuti chizindikiro cha wailesi yakanema chalandiridwa bwino komanso popanda kusokonezedwa.
Mapeto
Zizindikiro ndi machitidwe ndi ofunika kwambiri pa kulumikizana kwamakono. Zizindikiro, zonse za analogi ndi digito, zimanyamula chidziwitso kuchokera kumalo ena kupita kwina kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zotumizira mauthenga. Machitidwe olumikizirana, okhala ndi zigawo monga kutumiza mauthenga, kulandira mauthenga, ndi kukonza mauthenga, amaonetsetsa kuti chidziwitso chikutumizidwa ndikulandiridwa bwino komanso moyenera. Zosokoneza monga kusokoneza ndi phokoso nthawi zonse zakhala zovuta, koma ukadaulo wokonza mauthenga ukupitilirabe kusintha kuti uthetse vutoli. Pomvetsetsa bwino zizindikiro ndi machitidwe, ukadaulo wolumikizirana mauthenga upitiliza kupita patsogolo, ndikutsegula mwayi wambiri wolankhulana mosavuta komanso bwino mtsogolo.
