Kuwerengera Zofunikira pa Zipangizo za Konkriti Yolimbikitsidwa

Kuwerengera Zofunikira pa Zipangizo za Konkriti Yolimbikitsidwa

Kuwerengera zofunikira pa zomangamanga za konkriti yolimbikitsidwa ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukonzekera ndi kukhazikitsa mapulojekiti omanga. Kuwerengera kolondola kudzakhudza kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama, kugula panthawi yake, komanso mtundu wa ntchito m'munda. Kusowa kwa zinthu kungachedwetse ntchito, pomwe zinthu zochulukirapo zitha kuopseza kukweza ndalama, kupanga zinyalala, ndikuwonjezera kusungira. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza mfundo zoyambira, njira zowerengera, ndi zitsanzo za njira zodziwika bwino zowerengera zofunikira pa zomangamanga za konkriti yolimbikitsidwa.

1. Zigawo za zinthu mu konkire yolimbikitsidwa

Kawirikawiri, nyumba zomangira konkriti zolimba zimapangidwa ndi magulu awiri akuluakulu a zipangizo:

1. Konkriti: chisakanizo cha simenti, chosakaniza bwino (mchenga), chosakaniza cholimba (miyala yosweka), madzi, ndipo ngati pakufunika, zosakaniza. Zofunikira za konkriti nthawi zambiri zimawerengedwa mu mayunitsi a voliyumu (m³).
2. Chitsulo cholimbitsa: chimakhala ndi cholimbitsa chachikulu, cholimbitsa chodula (zokoka/zozungulira), ndi cholimbitsa chogawa kapena cholimbitsa chocheperako. Zofunikira zachitsulo zimawerengedwa m'mayunitsi olemera (kg kapena matani) ndi kutalika (m).

Kuphatikiza apo, pali zinthu zothandizira monga formwork (matabwa, plywood, mawonekedwe achitsulo), waya wopindika, ma spacers, ndi compound yophikira. Komabe, cholinga chachikulu pakuwerengera zinthu zomangira konkire yolimbikitsidwa nthawi zambiri chimakhala kuchuluka kwa konkire ndi kulemera kwa chitsulo cholimbitsa.

2. Mfundo zoyambira pakuwerengera kuchuluka kwa konkriti

Kuwerengera voliyumu ya konkire kumatsatira njira ya geometric voliyumu ya zinthu zomangira. Zinthu zina zodziwika bwino zomwe zimawerengedwa ndi izi:

– Chidutswa: Kuchuluka = ​​kutalika × m'lifupi × makulidwe
– Mtanda: Voliyumu = kutalika × m'lifupi × kutalika (kapena miyeso ya mtanda)
– Mzati: Voliyumu = malo opingasa × kutalika
– Maziko a pansi: Voliyumu = kutalika × m'lifupi × makulidwe (kapena mawonekedwe a trapezoidal/step molingana ndi kapangidwe kake)

Akangodziwa kuchuluka kwa konkriti, okonza mapulani nthawi zambiri amawonjezera chiwopsezo cha zinyalala kapena kulekerera munda. Kuchuluka kwake kumadalira kuuma kwa ntchitoyo ndi njira yopangira, koma nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi 2–5% pa ntchito yoyera komanso yowongoleredwa ndipo ikhoza kukhala yokwera ngati mikhalidwe ya munda siili yabwino kwambiri.

Chitsanzo chachifupi
Mwachitsanzo, slab ya pansi yokwana 10 m × 8 m yokhala ndi makulidwe a 0,12 m:
– Voliyumu = 10 × 8 × 0,12 = 9,6 m³
Ngati zinyalala zili 3%:
– Kuchuluka kwa kapangidwe = 9,6 × 1,03 = 9,888 m³ ≈ 9,89 m³

3. Sinthani kuchuluka kwa konkriti kukhala zofunikira pa zinthu (simenti, mchenga, miyala, madzi)

M'munda, konkriti ingapezeke m'njira ziwiri zazikulu:
1. Konkireti yokonzeka kusakaniza: zofunikira zimafotokozedwa mwachidule mu m³ malinga ndi mtundu (monga K-250, fc' 20 MPa, ndi zina zotero).
2. Konkire yosakaniza malo (yosakanikirana pamalo): kuchuluka kwa konkire kuyenera kugawidwa m'magulu malinga ndi zofunikira za zinthu.

Pa malo osakanikirana, zofunikira pa zinthu zimadalira kapangidwe ka kusakaniza. Njira yosavuta nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito tebulo la kapangidwe kake pa mita imodzi ya konkire. Monga chitsogozo chachikulu (mitengo ingasiyane kutengera miyezo, zipangizo, ndi zolinga zabwino), zofunikira pa mita imodzi ya konkire yapakatikati zitha kukhala motere:
– Simenti: 300–400 kg
– Mchenga: 0,45–0,55 m³
– Miyala: 0,70–0,85 m³
– Madzi: malita 160–210

Chifukwa cha kusiyana kwakukulu, ndi bwino kugwiritsa ntchito njira yopangira ntchito kapena kapangidwe ka labotale. Komabe, pa ziwerengero zoyambirira za bajeti (RAB), njira yogwiritsira ntchito tebulo nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito.

Chitsanzo cha njira yochitira izi
Ngati pa 1 m³ ya konkire, 350 kg ya simenti, 0,5 m³ ya mchenga, 0,8 m³ ya miyala, ndi malita 180 a madzi agwiritsidwa ntchito, ndiye kuti pa 9,89 m³:
– Simenti = 9,89 × 350 = 3.461,5 kg ≈ 3,46 matani (≈ 69 zak @50 kg)
– Mchenga = 9,89 × 0,5 = 4,945 m³
– Miyala = 9,89 × 0,8 = 7,912 m³
– Madzi = 9,89 × 180 = malita 1.780,2

Onjezani zinyalala ngati pakufunika kutero, makamaka mchenga ndi miyala (monga 5–10%) chifukwa cha kugwirira ntchito ndi kutayika kwa nthaka m'munda.

4. Kuwerengera zofunikira za chitsulo cholimbitsa

Mosiyana ndi konkriti yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito voliyumu, chitsulo cholimbitsa chimawerengedwa kuchokera ku:
- chiwerengero cha tsinde,
- kutalika kwa ndodo iliyonse,
- m'mimba mwake wolimbitsa,
– kulemera pa mita imodzi (kg/m2).

4.1 Kulemera kwa mphamvu pa mita imodzi
Mphamvu yokoka ya chitsulo nthawi zambiri imaganiziridwa kuti ndi 7.850 kg/m³. Mwachizolowezi, kulemera koyerekeza kwa mphamvu yolimbikitsira pa mita imodzi kumatha kuwerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira iyi:

Kulemera (kg/m) = 0,006165 × d²
d mu mm.

Chitsanzo:
– D10: 0,006165 × 10² = 0,6165 kg/m
– D13: 0,006165 × 13² = 1,042 kg/m
– D16: 0,006165 × 16² = 1,579 kg/m
– D19: 0,006165 × 19² = 2,224 kg/m

Mtengo uwu uli pafupi ndi tebulo lokhazikika lomwe owerengera amagwiritsa ntchito nthawi zambiri.

4.2 Njira zowerengera zofunikira pakulimbikitsa
1. Dziwani chithunzi cha kapangidwe kake: m'mimba mwake, nambala, malo otalikirana, ndi kutalika kwa khoma lomangirira kapena cholumikizira cha lap.
2. Werengani kutalika kwa mphamvu yolimbikitsira kutengera kukula kwa chinthucho kenako onjezerani:
- kutalika kwa mbedza (mbedza) ngati ilipo,
- kutalika kwa kugawa,
- kutalika kwa kulumikizana kwa mafupa,
- yowonjezera yopindika.
3. Werengani kutalika konse = chiwerengero cha ndodo × kutalika kwa ndodo iliyonse.
4. Kusintha kukhala kulemera = kutalika konse × kulemera pa mita imodzi.
5. Onjezani zinyalala (nthawi zambiri 3–7%) pa zodulidwa ndi zidutswa.

Chitsanzo cha lingaliro la block
Mwachitsanzo, mtanda wautali wa mamita 6 uli ndi mphamvu yolimba ya pansi ya 4D16 yosalekeza. Tiyerekeze kuti mtanda uliwonse umafunika kukulitsa kwa 0,4 m kumapeto kulikonse (izi ndi zongowonetsera zokha; mitengo yeniyeni imadalira zofunikira pa kapangidwe).
– Kutalika pa ndodo = 6 + 0,4 + 0,4 = 6,8 m
– Kutalika konse = 4 × 6,8 = 27,2 m
– Kulemera D16 = 1,579 kg/m2
– Kulemera konse = 27,2 × 1,579 = 42,95 kg

Kwa ma stirrups, kuwerengera nthawi zambiri kumakhala:
- Dziwani chiwerengero cha ma stirrup = (kutalika kogwira ntchito / malo otalikirana) + 1,
- werengerani kutalika kwa stirrup imodzi = net circumference + ma crochet owonjezera,
– chulukitsani, kenako sinthani ndi kulemera pa mita imodzi.

5. Zinthu zomwe nthawi zambiri zimaiwalika poganizira

Kuti tiwerengere bwino zofunikira za zinthu, zinthu zotsatirazi ziyenera kuganiziridwa:

1. Kukhuthala kwa chivundikiro cha konkire kumakhudza miyeso yomveka bwino ya ma stirrups ndi kutalika kogwira mtima kwa cholimbitsa.
2. Kutalika kwa kufalikira ndi malo olumikizirana amatha kuwonjezera kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo kwambiri, makamaka pazinthu zazitali.
3. Kusiyana kwa kutalika kwa bar yokhazikika ya fakitale (nthawi zambiri 12 m). Kudula kuchokera pa bar ya 12 m kumabweretsa zidutswa zomwe sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito nthawi zonse.
4. Kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka munda (zojambula m'sitolo) monga kusintha malo otseguka, kusintha kwa tsatanetsatane wa kulumikizana, kapena kufunikira kowonjezera mphamvu.
5. Ubwino wa njira yopangira formwork ndi kuponyera umakhudza zinyalala za konkire (kutayikira, kutayikira, ndi zina zotero).
6. Mtundu wa zolimbitsa (zopanda ulusi/zopindika) ndi mikhalidwe yopindika yomwe imakhudza tsatanetsatane wa kutalika kwa mbedza.

6. Njira zothandiza: kubwerezabwereza ndi ndondomeko yopindika mipiringidzo (BBS)

Pa mapulojekiti okonzedwa bwino, zofunikira pakulimbitsa thupi zimawerengedwa pogwiritsa ntchito Bar Bending Schedule (BBS), yomwe ndi mndandanda wa zolimbitsa thupi zomwe zili ndi:
- barcode,
- mawonekedwe,
- m'mimba mwake,
- kutalika kwa kudula,
- kuchuluka,
- kutalika konse,
– kulemera konse.

Ndi BBS, kugula zitsulo kumakhala kolondola kwambiri, zomwe zimathandiza kupanga ndi kuchepetsa zinyalala. Pa konkriti, kubwerezabwereza kwa voliyumu pa chinthu chilichonse (mizati, matabwa, slabs, masitepe) nthawi zambiri kumapangidwa pa pansi kapena pa malo aliwonse oponyera kuti zigwirizane ndi ndondomeko yoponyera.

7. Mapeto

Kuwerengera zofunikira pa zinthu zomangira konkire wolimbikitsidwa kumadalira kwambiri zinthu ziwiri: kuchuluka kwa konkire ndi kulemera kwa chitsulo cholimbitsa. Kuchuluka kwa konkire kumawerengedwa kuchokera ku zinthu za geometric ndipo chiŵerengero choyenera cha zinyalala chimawonjezedwa. Pakadali pano, zofunikira pakulimbitsa zimawerengedwa kuchokera ku zojambula zatsatanetsatane za kapangidwe kake (chiwerengero, m'mimba mwake, malo, ndi tsatanetsatane wa mbedza ndi kulumikizana) kenako nkusinthidwa kukhala kulemera pogwiritsa ntchito kulemera pa mita imodzi. Kuti muwonjezere kulondola ndikuchepetsa zinyalala, kugwiritsa ntchito BBS pakulimbitsa ndi kufotokozera kuchuluka kwa zinyalala pa malo oponyera zinthu kumalimbikitsidwa kwambiri. Mu magawo oyamba, kuyerekezera koyambirira kungagwiritse ntchito njira yowerengera, koma monga njira zogwiritsira ntchito, kuwerengera kuyenera kutchula zojambula zomaliza zogwirira ntchito ndi tsatanetsatane wa kukonzekera kuti zitsimikizire kugula zinthu molondola, pulojekiti yogwira ntchito bwino, ndikusunga mtundu wa kapangidwe kake.