Momwe Mungayezere ndi Kuyesa Ubwino wa Konkriti Yomangira
Ubwino wa zomangamanga za konkriti umatsimikizira kwambiri mphamvu, chitetezo, ndi moyo wa ntchito ya nyumbayo. Konkriti yomwe imawoneka "yolimba" singakwaniritse zofunikira zaukadaulo ngati njira zokonzekera, kusakaniza, kuyika, ndi kuyeretsa sizikuyendetsedwa bwino. Chifukwa chake, kuyeza ndi kuwunika ubwino wa konkriti kuyenera kuchitika mwadongosolo, kuyambira siteji yopangira mpaka kuwunika pambuyo pa kuuma. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza njira zothandiza komanso zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri poyesa ndi kuwunika ubwino wa zomangamanga za konkriti m'munda ndi m'labotale.
1. Kumvetsetsa Ma Parameters Abwino a Konkriti
Tisanayese, tiyenera kudziwa zomwe zimatanthauzira konkriti "yabwino". Kawirikawiri, ubwino wa konkriti umayesedwa ndi:
1. Mphamvu yokakamiza: chizindikiro chachikulu chomwe nthawi zambiri chimafunika m'mafotokozedwe.
2. Kugwira ntchito mosavuta (kusavuta kugwira ntchito): kokhudzana ndi kuphweka kopangira, kukanikiza ndi kumaliza popanda kusiyanitsa.
3. Kuchulukana ndi kutseguka kwa madzi: kumakhudza kutseguka kwa madzi ndi zinthu zowononga.
4. Kulimba: mphamvu ya konkriti yopirira chilengedwe (carbonation, sulfate, chloride, kayendedwe ka madzi ndi kouma, ndi zina zotero).
5. Ubwino wa ntchito: kuphatikizapo kukhuthala, malo olumikizirana, uchi, ming'alu, ndi kufanana kwa mawonekedwe.
6. Kugwirizana ndi kapangidwe ndi zofunikira: mwachitsanzo, mtundu wokonzedweratu wa f'c, chiŵerengero cha madzi ndi simenti, kugwa, kukula kwa aggregate, ndi kulekerera kwa miyeso.
Ndi chizindikiro ichi, kuwunika kwa khalidwe sikudalira kokha pa chifaniziro chimodzi cha mphamvu yokakamiza, koma kuphatikiza kwa kuyesa kwa zinthu, kuyesa njira, ndi kuyang'ana kowona.
2. Kuyang'anira Zinthu Musanayambe Kuponya
Ubwino wa konkriti umayambira pa zinthu zomwe zimapanga konkriti.
a. Simenti
Onetsetsani kuti simentiyo imachokera kwa wopanga wodziwika bwino, ilibe tinthu tating'onoting'ono, ndipo imasungidwa pamalo ouma. Kusungidwa konyowa kapena kwa nthawi yayitali kungathandize kuchepetsa mphamvu yake yogwirira ntchito.
b. Zosakaniza zazing'ono komanso zolimba
Zosakaniza ziyenera kukhala zoyera, zopanda dothi/zonyansa zachilengedwe, komanso zokhala ndi magawo oyenera. Kuyesa konse kumaphatikizapo:
- Kusanthula sefa kuti muwonetsetse kuti yakula.
– Kuchuluka kwa matope (makamaka mchenga).
- Kuchuluka kwa chinyezi, chifukwa kumakhudza kwambiri chiŵerengero chenicheni cha madzi ndi simenti.
c. Madzi osakaniza
Madziwo ayenera kukhala oyenera (nthawi zambiri ofanana ndi madzi oyera). Madzi okhala ndi mchere wambiri kapena zinthu zachilengedwe amatha kusokoneza mgwirizano wa simenti ndikuwonjezera chiopsezo cha dzimbiri.
d. Zipangizo zina (zosakaniza)
Ngati mukugwiritsa ntchito ma superplasticizer, retarders, accelerator, kapena zowonjezera zina, onetsetsani kuti mulingo wake ukugwirizana ndi malangizo ndipo wayesedwa kuti zikugwirizana ndi simenti yomwe yagwiritsidwa ntchito.
3. Kuwongolera Ubwino wa Konkriti (Kapangidwe Kosakaniza)
Kuwunikanso ubwino kumachitika poyang'ana ngati chisakanizocho chikutsatira kapangidwe kake.
Zinthu zoti mutsimikizire:
– Chiŵerengero cha madzi ndi simenti (chiŵerengero cha w/c) chimakwaniritsa cholinga chake. Chiŵerengerochi chimatsimikizira kwambiri mphamvu ndi kulimba kwa kupanikizika. Kuwonjezera madzi mosasankha m'munda nthawi zambiri kumakhala chifukwa chachikulu cha kuwonongeka kwa ubwino.
- Sakanizani kuchuluka kwake molingana ndi kapangidwe kake.
- Kusakaniza nthawi yokwanira ndikokwanira kuonetsetsa kuti zinthuzo zikugwirizana.
- Kugwirizana pakati pa magulu pamene konkriti iperekedwa kuchokera ku fakitale yopangira ma batching.
Zolemba monga maoda otumizira katundu, zolemba za kuchepa kwa katundu, kutentha, ndi nthawi yotumizira katundu zimakhala umboni wa kuwongolera khalidwe.
4. Kuyeza Kugwira Ntchito: Kuyesa Kutsika kwa Madzi ndi Njira Zina Zogwiritsira Ntchito
Kugwira ntchito bwino nthawi zambiri kumayesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito mayeso otsetsereka pogwiritsa ntchito Abrams cone. Kuchuluka kwa tsetsereka kumapereka chizindikiro cha kukhuthala kwa chisakanizo:
– Kutsika kwambiri: konkire ndi yovuta kuigwira, chiopsezo cha kuumba uchi.
– Kutsika kwambiri: chiopsezo cha kupatukana ndi kutuluka magazi, makamaka ngati kuwonjezeka kwa kuchepa kwa madzi kumachokera ku kuwonjezera madzi.
Pa konkriti yokhala ndi mawonekedwe apadera, nthawi zina imagwiritsidwa ntchito:
– Kutsika kwa madzi (mu konkire yodzikakamiza yokha/SCC).
- V-funnel kapena L-box kuti muwone ngati kuyenda kwa madzi ndi kudutsa mu reinforcement mu SCC.
Mayeso ayenera kuyerekezeredwa ndi zomwe zafotokozedwa mu polojekitiyi, osati "zosavuta kuziyika".
5. Kuyeza Munda Panthawi Yoponya
a. Kutentha kwa konkriti
Kutentha kumakhudza nthawi yokhazikitsa ndi chiopsezo cha ming'alu ya pulasitiki. Konkire yotentha kwambiri imatha kukhazikika mwachangu ndikuyambitsa ming'alu; konkire yozizira kwambiri imatha kuchepetsa nthawi yokhazikitsa.
b. Njira yothira
Kukanikiza ndi vibrator kuyenera kukhala kofanana osati kopitirira muyeso. Kusagwedezeka kokwanira kungayambitse mipata; kugwedezeka kwambiri kungayambitse kulekanitsidwa. Kuyang'ana minda kumayesa:
- kapangidwe ka kupindika,
- mtunda pakati pa malo ogwedezera,
- nthawi yogwedeza,
– makulidwe a gawo lopangira zinthu.
c. Mkhalidwe wa mawonekedwe ndi kulimbitsa
Fomuyo iyenera kukhala yolimba kuti phala la simenti lisatuluke. Chomangiracho chiyenera kuyikidwa bwino komanso kukhala ndi chophimba chokwanira cha simenti. Chophimbacho sichikwanira chimawonjezera chiopsezo cha dzimbiri.
d. Kujambula m'munda
Kuwunika khalidwe kudzakhala kolondola kwambiri ngati pali deta: nthawi yopangira, kuchuluka kwa zinthu, malo a chinthu, nyengo, kugwa, chiwerengero cha zinthu zoyesera, komanso mayina a ogulitsa ndi magulu okhazikitsa.
6. Kukonzekera Zitsanzo za Mayeso ndi Mayeso a Mphamvu Yokakamiza
Kuyesa mphamvu yokakamiza ndiyo njira yodziwika kwambiri yowunikira ubwino wa konkriti. Njira yonse ndi iyi:
1. Tengani chitsanzo chofanana cha konkriti yatsopano.
2. Pangani chinthu choyesera cha cylindrical/kiyubiki motsatira miyezo yoyenera.
3. Mangani chinthu choyesera (nthawi zambiri chinyowetsedwe kapena kusungidwa pansi pa mikhalidwe ina).
4. Kuyesa kuthamanga kwa magazi pa msinkhu winawake, nthawi zambiri kumakhala masiku 7 ndi masiku 28.
Kutanthauzira zotsatira:
– Mphamvu yokakamiza ya masiku 28 poyerekeza ndi kapangidwe kake (monga f'c 25 MPa).
- Zotsatira za zitsanzo zingapo zimayesedwa mwachiwerengero (avereji, kusiyana), chifukwa ubwino wa konkriti suyesedwa kuchokera ku chinthu chimodzi choyesera chokha.
Ngati zotsatira zake zili zochepa, kafukufuku amachitika: ngati panali kuwonjezera madzi, zolakwika pakupanga, kusalimba bwino, kapena kusakwanira kukanikizana.
7. Kuwunika Ubwino wa Kukonza (Kukonza Konkire)
Kukonza bwino kumasunga chinyezi ndi kutentha kuti simenti ikhale ndi madzi okwanira. Popanda kukonzedwa, mphamvu yopondereza imatha kuchepa ndipo ming'alu ingakulire.
Njira yochiritsira:
- kuthirira nthawi zonse,
- kuphimba ndi thumba lonyowa,
- mankhwala ochiritsira,
- nembanemba ya pulasitiki,
- kumiza (kwa zinthu zina).
Kuwunikaku kungachitike kudzera mu kuwunika pamwamba (ming'alu ya tsitsi, kuchotsedwa kwa khungu), zolemba za nthawi yochira, komanso kulumikizana ndi zotsatira za mphamvu yokakamiza.
8. Kuyang'ana Zooneka: Zolakwika Zofala mu Konkriti
Kuyang'ana maso ndikofunikira chifukwa mavuto ena sangadziwike nthawi zonse pogwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yokakamiza yokha. Zotsatirazi zikuwunikidwa:
– Chisa/mabowo: chifukwa cha kusakwanira kukanikizana kapena mawonekedwe otuluka.
- Kugawa: magulu a zinthu amasonkhana m'dera limodzi, amamatira m'dera lina.
– Ming'alu: ming'alu ya pulasitiki, ming'alu yocheperako, ming'alu yomangira.
– Cholumikizira chozizira: cholumikizira choponyera sichimalumikizana chifukwa nthawi yolumikizira ndi yayitali kwambiri.
– Kuchotsa/kuchotsa pamwamba: kungayambike chifukwa cha kutha kwa magazi pamene kutuluka magazi sikunathe.
Zomwe zapezeka m'maso ziyenera kulembedwa (zithunzi, malo, kukula) ndikutsatiridwa ndi kuwunika kwaukadaulo.
9. Kuyesa Kosawononga (NDT) pa Konkire Wolimba
Kuti muyese konkire popanda kuwononga zinthu, njira za NDT zimagwiritsidwa ntchito, kuphatikizapo:
a. Schmidt Hammer (Hammer Yobwerera)
Miyeso imabwereranso kuti ione kuuma kwa pamwamba. Yoyenera kufufuzidwa mwachangu, koma imakhudzidwa ndi chinyezi, kutha, ndi ukalamba wa konkriti.
b. Kuthamanga kwa Ultrasonic Pulse (UPV)
Imayesa liwiro la mafunde a ultrasound mu konkire. Ikhoza kusonyeza kuchulukana, ming'alu yamkati, ndi kufanana.
c. Choyezera chivundikiro / chopezera mipiringidzo
Yang'anani malo a cholimbitsa ndi makulidwe a chivundikiro cha konkire. Izi ndizofunikira kuti zikhale zolimba.
NDT nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezera, osati cholowa m'malo mwa mayeso okhazikika a mphamvu yokakamiza.
10. Kuyesa Kochepa Kowononga: Core Drill
Ngati pali kukayikira kulikonse pa ubwino wa konkriti yomwe ilipo, mayeso apakati (potenga konkriti) akhoza kuchitidwa kenako nkuyesedwa ndi labotale. Izi ndizoyimira bwino kuposa nyundo yobwerera chifukwa imayesa konkriti mkati mwa chinthu chomangidwa, koma imafunika kuganizira mozama:
- malo obowolera sayenera kufooketsa kapangidwe kake,
- mabowo apakati ayenera kukonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyenera,
- zotsatira zake ziyenera kukonzedwa kuti zigwirizane ndi kutalika ndi m'mimba mwake komanso momwe zitsanzo zilili.
11. Kuyesa Kulimba: Kulowa ndi Kutha kwa Dzimbiri
Kwa nyumba zomwe zili pamalo ovuta (magombe, mafakitale, madzi otayira), ubwino wa konkriti umayesedwa potengera kulimba kwake, mwachitsanzo:
- mayeso olowera mu chloride (chizindikiro cha chiopsezo cha dzimbiri lowonjezera),
- mayeso oyesa kuyamwa/kuwola kwa madzi,
- mayeso a carbonation (kuya kwa carbonation kumachepetsa chitetezo chowonjezera),
- mayeso a sulfate kuti aone ngati mankhwala sagwira ntchito.
Kulimba nthawi zambiri kumalephera osati chifukwa cha mphamvu yochepa yopondereza, koma chifukwa cha ma porosity ambiri kapena chivundikiro chosakwanira.
12. Mapeto: Njira Yokwanira Yowunikira Ubwino wa Konkriti
Kuyeza ndikuwunika ubwino wa konkriti kumaphatikizapo zambiri osati kungoyesa mphamvu ya konkriti kwa masiku 28. Ubwino uyenera kulamulidwa kuyambira nthawi yomwe zinthuzo zafika, kudzera mu njira yopangira zosakaniza, kudzera mu kayendedwe ka konkriti, kuyika, kukanikiza, ndi kuuma. M'munda, kuyesa kutsika, kuyesa kutentha, kuyang'anira mawonekedwe ndi zolimbitsa, kujambula njira, ndi kuuma koyenera kumakhudza kwambiri zotsatira zake. Pa konkriti yolimba, kuyang'ana kowoneka bwino, NDT, ndi kuyesa kwapakati kumathandiza kuwonetsetsa kuti mtundu ukukwaniritsa miyezo ya kapangidwe ndipo ndi wotetezeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito.
Mwa kukhazikitsa njira yowongolera bwino khalidwe ndi kuyesa koyenera, chiopsezo cha kulephera msanga chingachepe, ndalama zokonzera zichepe, ndipo nyumba za konkriti zingagwire ntchito bwino malinga ndi nthawi yomwe zapangidwira.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kukhala mtundu womwe ukutanthauza muyezo winawake (monga SNI/ASTM), kapena kuwonjezera mndandanda wa QA/QC wa ntchito za konkire.
