Mayina a Zinthu Zachilengedwe
Ma organic compounds ndi mankhwala opangidwa makamaka ndi kaboni ndi haidrojeni, nthawi zina ndi zinthu zina monga mpweya, nayitrogeni, sulfure, phosphorous, ndi halogens. Ma organic compound nomenclature, omwe amadziwikanso kuti organic nomenclature, ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kupatsa ma organic nomenclature mayina amodzi ndi okhazikika. Ma organic nomenclature olondola ndi ofunikira chifukwa amathandiza kuzindikira ndi kulumikizana mwasayansi. M'nkhaniyi, tifufuza lingaliro la organic compound nomenclature kutengera malamulo omwe adakhazikitsidwa ndi International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC).
Mfundo Zoyambira za Maina a IUPAC
Dongosolo la IUPAC linapangidwa kuti lipereke mayina apadera ku mankhwala aliwonse kutengera kapangidwe kake ka molekyulu. Maina a IUPAC adapangidwa kuti aphatikizepo chidziwitso chomveka bwino chokhudza kapangidwe kake kuti dzinalo ligawidwe mu kapangidwe ka mankhwala kogwirizana. Mfundo yayikulu ya mayina achilengedwe imaphatikizapo zigawo zitatu zazikulu: dzina la kholo, chizindikiro cholowa m'malo, ndi chizindikiro cha malo.
1. Dzina la kholo: Limatanthauza unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni mu molekyulu.
2. Chizindikiro Cholowa: Chimazindikira magulu kapena maatomu omangiriridwa ku unyolo waukulu wa kaboni.
3. Chizindikiro cha Malo: Chimasonyeza malo a chosinthira mu unyolo waukulu wa kaboni.
Ma Alkanes, Ma Alkenes, ndi Ma Alkynes
Tiyeni tiyambe ndi mayina a ma hydrocarbon compounds osavuta: ma alkanes (ma compounds okhala ndi ma single bond), ma alkenes (ma compounds okhala ndi ma double bond amodzi kapena angapo), ndi ma alkynes (ma compounds okhala ndi ma triple bond amodzi kapena angapo).
Alkan
Ma alkanes ndi ma hydrocarbon odzaza omwe ali ndi ma bond amodzi okha pakati pa maatomu a kaboni. Fomula yonse ya ma alkanes ndi CnH2n+2. Mayina a alkane amatha ndi "-ane." Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo:
– Methane (CH4): Alkane yaying'ono kwambiri yokhala ndi atomu imodzi ya kaboni.
– Ethane (C2H6): Maatomu awiri a kaboni, okhala ndi dongosolo: CH3-CH3.
– Propane (C3H8): Maatomu atatu a kaboni, okhala ndi dongosolo: CH3-CH2-CH3.
Kwa ma alkanes okhala ndi unyolo wautali wa kaboni, mayina oyambira amatengedwa kuchokera ku manambala achi Greek. Zitsanzo: butane (ma carboni 4), pentane (ma carboni 5), hexane (ma carboni 6).
Zimasintha
Ma Alkenes ndi ma hydrocarbon osakhuta omwe ali ndi bond imodzi kapena zingapo za carbon-carbon. Fomula yonse ya alkane ndi CnH2n. Dzina lovomerezeka la ma alkenes limatha ndi "-ene." Unyolo wa kholo umawerengedwa kuyambira kumapeto kwa bond iwiri. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo:
– Ethene (C2H4): Maatomu awiri a kaboni okhala ndi chomangira chimodzi chawiri.
– Propene (C3H6): Maatomu atatu a kaboni: CH2=CH-CH3.
Alkynes
Ma alkynes ndi ma hydrocarbon osakhuta omwe ali ndi bond imodzi kapena zingapo za carbon-carbon triple bond. Fomula yawo yonse ndi CnH2n-2. Dzina lovomerezeka la ma alkynes limatha ndi "-yne." Monga ma alkenes, manambala amayamba kumapeto kwa bond ya triple bond. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo:
– Ethyne (C2H2): Maatomu awiri a kaboni okhala ndi chomangira chimodzi cha katatu.
– Propune (C3H4): Maatomu atatu a kaboni: CH≡C-CH3.
Magulu Ogwira Ntchito
Gulu logwira ntchito ndi gawo la molekyulu yomwe imagwira ntchito ngati gawo lochitapo kanthu ndipo imasankha mphamvu za mankhwala a molekyuluyo. Nazi zitsanzo za magulu ogwira ntchito ndi mayina awo ofanana.
mowa
Ma alcohols ndi mankhwala okhala ndi gulu la hydroxyl (-OH) lolumikizidwa ku atomu ya carbon yokhuta. Mayina a mowa amatha ndi “-ol.” Kuwerengera manambala kuyenera kuonetsetsa kuti atomu ya -OH ndi yotsika momwe zingathere.
Chitsanzo:
– Methanol (CH3OH): Mowa wosavuta kwambiri wokhala ndi atomu imodzi ya kaboni.
– Ethanol (C2H5OH): Ma atomu awiri a kaboni okhala ndi gulu limodzi la hydroxyl lolumikizidwa ku kaboni yoyamba.
Ma Aldehydes ndi Ketones
Ma Aldehydes ali ndi gulu la carbonyl (C=O) lolumikizidwa ku atomu ya carbon yomwe imalumikizidwanso ku atomu ya hydrogen. Dzina la aldehyde limatha ndi "-al."
Chitsanzo:
– Methanal (HCHO): Amadziwikanso kuti formaldehyde, yokhala ndi kaboni imodzi.
– Ethanal (CH3CHO) : Amadziwikanso kuti acetaldehyde, yokhala ndi ma carbon awiri.
Ma Ketone ali ndi gulu la carbonyl lomwe limalumikizidwa ku ma atomu ena awiri a carbon. Dzina la ketone limatha ndi "-one."
Chitsanzo:
– Propanone (CH3COCH3): Imadziwikanso kuti acetone, yokhala ndi ma carbon atatu.
Ma Carboxylic Acids ndi Ma Esters
Ma carboxylic acids ali ndi gulu la carboxyl (-COOH). Dzina la carboxylic acid limatha ndi “-oic.”
Chitsanzo:
– Methanoic Acid (HCOOH): Amadziwikanso kuti formic acid.
– Ethanoic Acid (CH3COOH): Imadziwikanso kuti acetic acid.
Ma Esters amapangidwa kuchokera ku zomwe zimachitika pakati pa carboxylic acid ndi mowa. Ma Esters amatchedwa dzina la asidi ndi mowa zomwe amapanga ndipo zimatha ndi "-oic."
Chitsanzo:
– Methyl Methanoate (HCOOCH3): Ma esters a formic acid ndi methanol.
– Ethyl Ethanoate (CH3COOCH2CH3): Ma esters a acetic acid ndi ethanol.
Manambala ndi Maina a Zolowa M'malo
Kuwerengera manambala m'zinthu zimakhala zovuta kwambiri pamene zinthu zosinthira zilipo. Chosinthira ndi atomu kapena gulu la maatomu omwe amalowa m'malo mwa haidrojeni mu hydrocarbon yayikulu. Nazi njira zonse:
1. Sankhani Unyolo Waukulu: Sankhani unyolo wautali kwambiri wa kaboni womwe uli ndi gulu lalikulu logwira ntchito.
2. Kuwerengera manambala: Lembani manambala kuchokera kumapeto kwa gulu loyamba kapena cholowa m'malo mwa gululi.
3. Dziwani Zolowa M'malo: Tchulani zolowa m'malo ngati mawu oyamba ndipo ikani zolowa m'malo motsatira zilembo za alfabeti.
4. Chizindikiro cha Malo: Gwiritsani ntchito manambala kusonyeza malo a cholowa chilichonse pa unyolo waukulu.
Chitsanzo:
– 2-Methylpropene (C4H8): Unyolo waukulu ndi propene (ma carbon atatu okhala ndi chomangira chimodzi chowirikiza kawiri). Methyl imalowa m'malo mwa carbon yachiwiri.
– 3-Ethyl-2-methylhexane (C8H18): Unyolo waukulu ndi hexane (ma carbon 6). Cholowa m'malo mwa ethyl chili pa carbon yachitatu ndipo cholowa m'malo mwa methyl chili pa carbon yachiwiri.
Mapeto
Kutchula mayina a mankhwala achilengedwe ndi maziko ofunikira mu chemistry yachilengedwe. Dongosolo la IUPAC limapereka chitsogozo chogwirizana komanso chogwirizana chozindikiritsa ndi kutchula mayina a mankhwala osiyanasiyana achilengedwe. Pomvetsetsa malamulo ndi mfundo zoyambira za mayina, titha kuyenda mosavuta ndikulumikizana m'munda wa chemistry yachilengedwe.
