Kapangidwe ka Thupi la Kusinthana ndi Kunyamula Zinthu
Kusinthana ndi kunyamula zinthu ndi njira yofunika kwambiri m'zinthu zamoyo, zomwe zimathandiza maselo kupeza michere ndi mpweya, komanso kuchotsa zinyalala. Njirayi imaphatikizapo machitidwe ovuta komanso ogwirizana bwino, kuyambira maselo mpaka minofu ndi ziwalo mpaka ziwalo zonse. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama kapangidwe ka thupi komwe kamagwira ntchito posinthana ndi kunyamula zinthu.
1. Dongosolo Loyendera Magazi
a. Mtima
Mtima ndiye chiwalo chachikulu m'dongosolo loyendetsa magazi, chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati pompu yowonetsetsa kuti magazi akuyenda m'thupi lonse. Mtima uli ndi zipinda zinayi zazikulu—atria ziwiri ndi ma ventricle awiri—mtima umagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri potulutsa magazi okhala ndi mpweya kuchokera m'mapapo kupita ku thupi lonse kudzera mu ventricle yakumanzere, ndi magazi okhala ndi mpweya woipa kuchokera m'thupi lonse kupita ku mapapo kuti atuluke kudzera mu ventricle yakumanja.
b. Mitsempha ya magazi
Mitsempha yamagazi imakhala ndi mitsempha yamagazi, mitsempha yamagazi, ndi mitsempha yamagazi. Mitsempha yamagazi imanyamula magazi okhala ndi mpweya wochuluka kuchokera mumtima kupita m'thupi lonse, pomwe mitsempha imabweza magazi okhala ndi mpweya wochuluka wa carbon dioxide kuchokera m'thupi kubwerera kumtima. Mitsempha yamagazi ndi mitsempha yamagazi yaying'ono komwe kusinthana kwa zinthu kumachitika pakati pa magazi ndi maselo a thupi kudzera mu kufalikira. Makoma ochepa kwambiri a mitsempha yamagazi amalola zakudya, mpweya, ndi zinyalala kuyenda mosavuta.
c. Magazi
Magazi ndiye njira yaikulu yonyamulira zinthu m'thupi. Amapangidwa ndi maselo ofiira a m'magazi, omwe amanyamula mpweya; maselo oyera a m'magazi, omwe amateteza thupi; ma platelet, omwe amathandiza kuundana; ndi plasma, yomwe ili ndi michere, mahomoni, ndi zinthu zina zomwe zimasintha kagayidwe kachakudya m'thupi. Hemoglobin m'maselo ofiira a m'magazi imalumikizana ndi mpweya m'mapapo ndikuutulutsa ku minofu komwe ikufunika.
2. Njira Yopumira
a. Mapapu
Mapapu ndiwo ziwalo zazikulu zosinthira mpweya. Mpweya wolowa kudzera mu njira yopumira umafika ku alveoli, timatumba tating'onoting'ono ta mpweya m'mapapo, komwe mpweya wochokera mumlengalenga umasamutsidwira ku magazi, ndipo carbon dioxide yochokera m'magazi imatulutsidwa mumlengalenga kuti itulutsidwe m'thupi.
b. Trachea ndi Bronchus
Trachea ndiye njira yaikulu yopitira mpweya yomwe imagawanika m'ma bronchi awiri opita ku mapapo aliwonse. Kapangidwe kameneka kamatetezedwa ndi mphete za cartilage zomwe zimaletsa kufupika kwa njira yopitira mpweya panthawi yopuma. Bronchi imagawikana kukhala ma bronchioles ang'onoang'ono, pamapeto pake imathera mu alveoli.
c. Njira Yopumira
Mpweya wabwino m'mapapo umachitika chifukwa cha kusiyana kwa mphamvu pakati pa mlengalenga ndi pleural cavity yozungulira mapapo. Diaphragm ndi minofu ya intercostal zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga kusiyana kwa mphamvu kumeneku. Diaphragm ikagundana, chifuwa chimakula, kuchepetsa mphamvu ndikukoka mpweya m'mapapo. Kumasuka kwa diaphragm kumawonjezera mphamvu m'chifuwa ndikutulutsa mpweya m'mapapo.
3. Dongosolo Logaya Chakudya
a. Pakamwa ndi M'mero
Kusinthana kwa chakudya kumayamba chakudya chikangolowa mkamwa, komwe chimatafunidwa ndikusakanizidwa ndi ma enzymes ogaya chakudya m'malovu, chisanadutse m'mimba kudzera m'mero.
b. Mimba ndi Matumbo Ang'onoang'ono
M'mimba, chakudya chimagawika m'njira ya mankhwala komanso yamakina kukhala chyme, yomwe imapita ku matumbo ang'onoang'ono. Matumbo ang'onoang'ono ndiye malo oyamba omwe michere imalowa m'magazi. Villi ndi microvilli zomwe zili pakhoma la matumbo zimawonjezera malo pamwamba, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti michere ilowe kwambiri.
c. Dongosolo Lozungulira Magazi la Hepatic Portal
Pambuyo poyamwa m'matumbo ang'onoang'ono, magazi okhala ndi michere yambiri amalowa m'chiwindi kudzera mu mtsempha wa chiwindi. Chiwindi chimagwira ntchito ngati malo osungira michere, kukonza michere isananyamulidwe m'thupi lonse.
4. Njira Yotulutsira Madzi
a. Impso
Impso zimasefa magazi kuti zipange mkodzo, zichotse zinyalala za kagayidwe kachakudya, ndikusunga bwino madzi ndi ma electrolyte. Impso iliyonse ili ndi ma nephrons pafupifupi miliyoni imodzi, mayunitsi osefera a microscopic omwe amachotsa zinyalala ndikulamulira kuchuluka kwa ma ion m'magazi.
b. Mkodzo, Chikhodzodzo, ndi Mkodzo
Mkodzo wopangidwa ndi impso umadutsa m'ma ureter kupita ku chikhodzodzo kuti usungidwe kwakanthawi, usanatuluke m'thupi kudzera mu urethra.
c. Dongosolo la Mitsempha
Imathandiza kunyamula madzi ochulukirapo m'mitsempha kupita m'magazi ndipo imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pa chitetezo chamthupi pothandiza kunyamula maselo a chitetezo chamthupi kupita ku minofu yodwala.
5. Kusinthana ndi Kuyendera pa Mlingo wa Mafoni
Selo lililonse m'thupi lili ndi nembanemba yomwe imatha kulowa pang'ono, zomwe zimathandiza kuti zinthu zina zilowe kapena kutuluka kudzera mu njira monga kufalikira, osmosis, ndi kayendedwe kake. Zakudya ndi mamolekyu ang'onoang'ono monga mpweya zimadutsa mu kufalikira kwa zinthu, pomwe mamolekyu akuluakulu kapena a polar amagwiritsa ntchito mapuloteni a nembanemba ngati othandizira.
a. Kufalikira ndi Osmosis
Mpweya ndi mpweya woipa zimafalikira m'maselo a maselo malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa madzi omwe amalowa m'thupi. Osmosis ndi mtundu wapadera wa kufalikira komwe kumaphatikizapo kuyenda kwa madzi kudutsa m'maselo omwe amalowa m'thupi.
b. Mayendedwe Ogwira Ntchito
Zimaphatikizapo kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu (ATP) kunyamula mamolekyu motsutsana ndi kuchuluka kwa kuchuluka kwa shuga m'magazi. Ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti shuga ndi ayoni zigwire bwino ntchito m'thupi, komanso kuti electrolyte ndi pH zikhale bwino m'thupi.
Mapeto
Kapangidwe ka thupi ka kusinthana ndi kunyamula zinthu ndi njira yovuta yolumikizirana yomwe imasunga homeostasis, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri kuti zamoyo zipulumuke. Kuyambira kugwira ntchito kwa mtima ndi mapapo mpaka m'mimba komanso ngakhale impso, chiwalo chilichonse ndi dongosolo zimathandiza kuti moyo ukhale bwino kudzera mu mgwirizano wa zinthu ndi mphamvu. Kumvetsetsa ntchito ndi momwe ziwalozi zimagwirira ntchito kumapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa kufunika kogwirizana kwa ziwalo za thupi kuti zikhale ndi moyo wathanzi.
