Kapangidwe Kothandizira Kusinthana kwa Gasi: Kumvetsetsa Njira Zofunikira mu Dongosolo Lopumira
Pendauluan
Kupuma ndi njira yofunika kwambiri kuti zamoyo zipulumuke, makamaka nyama ndi anthu. Mu dongosolo lopumira, kusinthana kwa mpweya ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri chomwe chimalola thupi kulandira mpweya (O2) ndikutulutsa mpweya woipa (CO2). Njirayi imalola maselo a thupi kuchita ntchito zofunika kwambiri za kagayidwe kachakudya. Nkhaniyi ifufuza bwino kwambiri zinthu zothandizira zomwe zimathandiza kusinthana kwa mpweya mu dongosolo lopumira la anthu ndi nyama, komanso kufunika kwa thupi la chinthu chilichonse chomwe chikukhudzidwa.
Dongosolo la Ziwalo Zopumira
Mwa anthu, mapapo ndiye ziwalo zazikulu zomwe zimakhudzidwa ndi kupuma. Amagwira ntchito ngati malo osinthira mpweya, komwe mpweya umalowa m'magazi ndipo mpweya wa carbon dioxide umachotsedwa m'magazi. Kapangidwe ka mkati mwa mapapo kamapangidwa kuti kagwire bwino ntchito yosinthira mpweya.
1. Njira Yopumira
– Mphuno ndi Mphuno: Monga njira yoyambira yopumira, mphuno ndi mphuno zimagwira ntchito yosefa, kunyowetsa, komanso kutentha mpweya wopumira. Tsitsi lofewa ndi ntchofu m'mphuno zimathandiza kugwira tinthu tachilendo ndikuletsa kuti tisalowe m'thupi.
– Khoro ndi Khoro: Mpweya wosefedwa umadutsa m'khoro kenako m'khoro, komwe kuli zingwe zoimbira mawu. Khoro limagwiranso ntchito yoletsa chakudya kulowa munjira yopumira mwa kuphimba trachea pamene mukumeza.
– Trachea: Chubu ichi chimanyamula mpweya kuchokera ku kholingo kupita ku bronchi. Chozunguliridwa ndi mphete za cartilage zomwe zimapatsa mphamvu komanso kusinthasintha, trachea imatsimikizira kuti mpweya umayenda bwino kupita ku mapapo.
2. Bronchi ndi Bronchioles
Pambuyo podutsa mu trachea, mpweya umalowa mu bronchi, yomwe imagawikana kukhala nthambi ziwiri (zamanja ndi zamanzere) zomwe zimatsogolera ku mapapo aliwonse. Bronchi izi zimapitirizabe kugawikana kukhala zigawo zazing'ono zotchedwa bronchioles, zomwe zimatha ndi alveoli. Kapangidwe ka nthambi kovuta kameneka kamawonjezera malo osinthira mpweya.
3. Alveoli
Ma Alveoli ndi timatumba tating'onoting'ono ta mpweya komwe kumasinthana mpweya kumachitika. Mu alveoli iliyonse, mpweya womwe uli mumlengalenga umafalikira m'mitsempha yamagazi yozungulira alveoli, pomwe mpweya wa carbon dioxide umachoka m'magazi kupita ku alveoli kuti utulutsidwe kudzera mu mpweya. Kapangidwe kopyapyala komanso konyowa ka alveoli ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti mpweya utuluke bwino.
Physiology ya Kusinthana kwa Magesi
1. Kufalikira kwa Mpweya
Kusinthana kwa mpweya mu alveoli kumachitika kudzera mu kufalikira. Kufalikira ndi njira yomwe mamolekyu amasunthira kuchokera kudera lokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu kupita kudera lokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa. Mpweya wa okosijeni mu alveoli umapita ku mitsempha yamagazi yokhala ndi kuchuluka kochepa kwa okosijeni, ndipo mosiyana, carbon dioxide mu mitsempha yamagazi yokhala ndi kuchuluka kwakukulu imapita ku alveoli.
2. Udindo wa Hemoglobin
Mkati mwa maselo ofiira a m'magazi, hemoglobin imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri ponyamula mpweya kuchokera m'mapapo m'thupi lonse. Hemoglobin imamanga mpweya pamene umadutsa m'mitsempha yozungulira alveoli ndikuutulutsa ikafika m'thupi lomwe likufunikira. Hemoglobin imagwiranso ntchito ponyamula mpweya wa carbon dioxide kupita nawo m'mapapo kuti utuluke.
3. Mpweya wopumira-Kutulutsa madzi m'thupi
Kusinthana bwino kwa mpweya kumadaliranso pakugwirizana pakati pa mpweya wopuma (kulowa ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya mu alveoli) ndi kutuluka kwa mpweya (kuyenda kwa magazi kudzera m'mitsempha yamagazi yozungulira alveoli). Kusalingana pakati pa ziwirizi kungasokoneze kugwira ntchito bwino kwa kusinthana kwa mpweya ndikuyambitsa matenda monga hypoxia kapena hypercapnia.
Kusintha Kwapadera kwa Zinyama
Zinyama zimakhala ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zosinthira kapangidwe kake kuti zithandize kusinthana kwa mpweya kutengera malo okhala komanso zosowa za thupi.
1. Nsomba
Nsomba zimadalira ma gill kuti zisinthe mpweya. Ma gill ndi mapangidwe apadera omwe amalola mpweya kutuluka m'madzi kupita m'magazi. Ma gill ali ndi ulusi woonda ndi ma lamellae omwe amawonjezera malo pamwamba pokhudzana ndi madzi. Kuyenda kwa magazi ndi madzi molunjika kumathandiza kuti pakhale kufalikira kwakukulu m'njira ya gill.
2. Tizilombo
Tizilombo toyambitsa matenda tili ndi njira yotumizira mpweya mwachindunji ku minofu ya thupi, yoletsa magazi omwe amapezeka m'zamoyo zokhala ndi msana. Njira yotumizira mpweya imakhala ndi machubu ang'onoang'ono otchedwa tracheoles omwe amapereka mpweya mwachindunji ku maselo a thupi ndipo amalola kusinthana mpweya bwino.
3. Mbalame
Mbalame zili ndi njira yopumira yogwira ntchito bwino kwambiri kuti zikwaniritse mphamvu zambiri zouluka. Zili ndi matumba a mpweya omwe amalola mpweya wopita mbali imodzi kudutsa m'mapapo, motero zimawonjezera mphamvu yosinthira mpweya poonetsetsa kuti mapapo nthawi zonse amakhala odzaza ndi mpweya wabwino ngakhale panthawi yopuma.
Mapeto
Dongosolo lopumira ndi kapangidwe kake kothandizira kusinthana kwa mpweya zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakusunga moyo. Kumvetsetsa momwe zigawo zosiyanasiyana zimagwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zithandize kufalikira kwa mpweya ndi kutulutsa mpweya woipa kumapereka chidziwitso cha zovuta komanso kugwira ntchito kwa dongosolo la zamoyoli. Mu cholengedwa chilichonse chamoyo, kuyambira anthu mpaka tizilombo, kusintha kwapadera kwa kapangidwe ka kusinthana kwa mpweya kumasonyeza mbiri yayitali yosinthika ya kupulumuka m'malo osiyanasiyana. Kafukufuku wowonjezereka wa momwe njirazi zingakhudzidwe ndi zinthu zakunja monga kuipitsidwa kwa mpweya ndi kusintha kwa nyengo ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti moyo padziko lapansi ukhale wathanzi komanso wabwino.
