Ziwerengero mu Ethnography
Kufufuza za mafuko kwakhala kukudziwika kwa nthawi yaitali ngati njira yofufuzira yomwe imagogomezera kumvetsetsa kwakukulu: ofufuza amapezeka m'madera, akuyang'ana machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku, akuchita mafunso mozama, ndikulemba chilankhulo, zizindikiro, ubale wamphamvu, ndi matanthauzo omwe ali mu zomwe anthu akuphunziridwa akukumana nazo. Chifukwa cha izi, kufufuza za mafuko nthawi zambiri kumayikidwa ngati "koyenera" - ngati kuti kuli kutali ndi manambala, miyeso, ndi kusanthula ziwerengero. Komabe, mu kafukufuku wamakono wa anthu, ziwerengero zimatha kukhala ndi gawo lofunikira pakukulitsa maphunziro a mafuko popanda kutaya zizindikiro zake: kuzindikira momwe zinthu zilili komanso kuzama kwa kutanthauzira.
Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe ziwerengero zingagwiritsidwire ntchito moyenera mu ethnography, ubwino ndi zofooka zake, komanso zitsanzo za momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito pantchito yofufuza.
N’chifukwa Chiyani Ziwerengero Zili Zofunika pa Ethnography?
Ziwerengero kwenikweni ndi zida zofotokozera kusiyana ndi machitidwe a deta. Mu nkhani za mafuko, deta nthawi zambiri imakhala ngati zolemba za m'munda, zolemba za kuyankhulana, zithunzi, zinthu zakale, ndi zikalata. Komabe, akatswiri a mafuko amachitanso ndi deta ndi miyeso yochuluka: kuchuluka kwa zochitika, chiwerengero cha omwe akuchita nawo miyambo, machitidwe oyendera malo enaake, maukonde a maubwenzi, zaka kapena kugawa kwa odziwitsa ntchito, komanso kusintha kwa mitengo, malipiro, kapena ndalama zapakhomo zomwe zimakhudza miyambo.
Kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero sikutanthauza kuti ethnography imasanduka kafukufuku wamkulu. M'malo mwake, ziwerengero pano zitha kumveka ngati chida chothandizira: (1) kufotokoza bwino momwe zinthu zimachitikira kuchokera ku zomwe zawonedwa, (2) kuyang'ana mwadongosolo zomwe ofufuza amaganiza, (3) kuwonjezera kuwonekera bwino kwa njira yowunikira, ndi (4) kupangitsa mfundo za ethnography kukhala zolimba pochita ndi omvera mfundo kapena anthu ambiri omwe nthawi zambiri amafuna umboni wa manambala.
Mitundu Yogwiritsira Ntchito Ziwerengero mu Ethnography
1) Ziwerengero Zofotokozera Kuti Mujambule Nkhani
Mafomu osavuta—koma nthawi zambiri othandiza kwambiri—ndi ziwerengero zofotokozera: maperesenti, njira, apakati, mitundu, ndi ma cross-tabulations. Mwachitsanzo, mu ethnography ya gulu la asodzi, ofufuza angafotokoze mwachidule kapangidwe ka moyo (asodzi, ogwira ntchito, ogulitsa nsomba), kuchuluka kwa maphunziro, kapena kusiyanasiyana kwa nyengo za usodzi. Manambalawa salowa m'malo mwa nkhaniyi, koma amapereka dongosolo lomveka bwino: "kuchuluka bwanji" ndi "kawirikawiri bwanji" chizolowezi chimachitika, kotero owerenga amamvetsetsa kukula kwake ndi kufalikira kwake.
Mwachitsanzo, mwa mabanja 30 omwe adafunsidwa mafunso, 18 adadalira kwambiri kusodza kuti apeze ndalama, 7 pa kukonza nsomba, ndi 5 pa ntchito zomwe sizili za usodzi. Chidziwitsochi chingathandize kuwunikira momwe chuma chimakhalira, kugawa ntchito, komanso kufooka kwa nyengo yoipa.
2) Kuwerengera Mafupipafupi ndi Ma Patterns Ogwirizana
Zolemba za m'munda nthawi zambiri zimakhala ndi zochitika zobwerezabwereza: misonkhano ya anthu ammudzi, mikangano yaying'ono, mitundu ya moni, kupereka mphatso, kapena machitidwe enaake ogwiritsira ntchito. Ofufuza amatha kulemba zochitikazi ndikuwerengera kuchuluka kwake malinga ndi nthawi, malo, kapena gulu la anthu. Izi zimathandiza kusiyanitsa pakati pa zochitika "zodziwika bwino" chifukwa zimakhala zochititsa chidwi ndi zomwe "zimachitika kawirikawiri" chifukwa zimakhala zachizolowezi.
Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza adalemba zochitika 60 m'sitolo ya khofi kwa milungu iwiri. Ndi ma code osavuta (mitu yokambirana, okamba nkhani akuluakulu, nthawi yomwe anthu amalankhula kwambiri), adatha kuwona momwe malo ochezera anthu amagwirizanirana, kuchuluka kwa amuna ndi akazi, komanso kupanga malingaliro a anthu m'deralo.
3) Kusanthula kwa Ma Social Network
Kujambula mitundu ya anthu kumathandiza kumvetsetsa maubwenzi a anthu—ndani ali pafupi ndi ndani, ndani ali ndi mphamvu, ndani amalumikiza magulu. Ziwerengero za malo ochezera a pa Intaneti zingathandize kuwona ndi kuwerengera mapangidwe a ubale awa, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu miyeso ya “pakati” (ndani ali pakati kwambiri), “kuchuluka” (momwe malo ochezera alili okhuthala), kapena “kulumikiza” (ndani amalumikiza magulu).
Mu kafukufuku wa mabungwe ammudzi, deta ya netiweki ingapezeke kuchokera ku mafunso osavuta: “Kodi mumapempha thandizo kwa ndani mukakhala ndi vuto?” kapena “Kodi mumayanjana ndi ndani nthawi zambiri?” Zotsatira zake zitha kuwonjezera nkhani za chikhalidwe cha anthu zokhudza utsogoleri wosavomerezeka kapena amene amalamuliradi dongosolo lovomerezeka.
4) Njira Zosakanikirana: Kuphatikiza Ethnography ndi Kafukufuku
Maphunziro ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana: ethnography imagwiritsidwa ntchito kumvetsetsa zomwe zikuchitika ndikupanga mafunso oyenera, kenako kafukufuku waung'ono amagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyesa kuchuluka kwa machitidwe awa mkati mwa anthu ammudzi. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatchedwa "chithandizo cha kuchuluka kwa chidziwitso cha khalidwe."
Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wa mafuko a anthu mu fakitale yogulitsa zovala adapeza kuti nthawi yowonjezera "yodzifunira" kwenikweni imakhudzidwa ndi mavuto a anthu komanso zolinga zopangira. Kafukufuku wachidule angawone kuchuluka kwa ogwira ntchito omwe adakumana ndi mavutowa, momwe adasinthira m'madipatimenti osiyanasiyana, komanso momwe adakhudzira momwe mgwirizano ulili. Zotsatira za ziwerengero zimathandizira zomwe zapezeka pa kafukufuku wa mafuko, pomwe kafukufuku wa mafuko a anthu amafotokoza njira ndi matanthauzo omwe ali kumbuyo kwa manambalawo.
5) Kusanthula kwa Zambiri pa Deta Yolembedwa
Zolemba ndi zikalata zoyankhulana zitha kufufuzidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zowerengera monga kusanthula zomwe zili mkati: kuwerengera kupezeka kwa mitu kapena mawu ofunikira, kuyerekeza mitu m'magulu, kapena kuwona kusintha kwa nkhani pakapita nthawi. Njirayi ikhoza kuchitika pamanja kudzera mu ma code kapena pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu.
Komabe, akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu ayenera kusamala: kuchuluka kwa mawu sikungosonyeza kufunika kwake kokha. Mutu wa nkhani ungatchulidwe kawirikawiri koma umakhala wovuta kwambiri; kapena mosiyana, ungawonekere kawirikawiri chifukwa ndi "chilankhulo chovomerezeka" chobwerezabwereza, osati chochitika chamoyo. Apa ndi pomwe kutanthauzira kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumakhalabe kofunikira.
Ubwino wa Ziwerengero pa Mikangano ya Ethnographic
Choyamba, ziwerengero zimatha kukulitsa kukhwima. Ofufuza akamanena kuti, "Mchitidwewu ndi wofala," owerenga amatha kuwona zizindikiro: momwe ulili wofala, m'magulu ati, komanso pansi pa mikhalidwe iti.
Chachiwiri, ziwerengero zimathandiza kusunga mgwirizano pakati pa zochitika zazikulu ndi zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku. Akatswiri a mbiri ya anthu nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi nthawi zamphamvu komanso zolimbikitsa—mikangano yotseguka, miyambo yayikulu, zochitika zamavuto—koma ziwerengero zimathandiza kubweretsa nthawi zimenezo m'njira yoyenera.
Chachitatu, ziwerengero zimathandiza kuti anthu azilankhulana ndi opanga mfundo. Ndondomeko zambiri za anthu onse zimayendetsedwa ndi zizindikiro. Ma ethnography omwe amathandizidwa ndi deta yochuluka nthawi zambiri amakhala osavuta kuwapeza popanda kuwononga kuzama.
Zofooka ndi Zoopsa: Manambala Sakhala Osalowererapo
Ngakhale kuti ziwerengero za anthu ndi zothandiza, zili ndi zoopsa zina.
1. Kuchepetsa: Zomwe anthu akumana nazo zimachepetsedwa kukhala zinthu zosiyanasiyana. Komabe, matanthauzo a chikhalidwe nthawi zambiri amakhala osagwirizana, otsutsana, komanso okhala ndi zochitika.
2. Kunyenga kwa kusachita zinthu mopitirira muyeso: manambala amawoneka "otsimikizika," ngakhale kuti kusankha magulu, momwe amafunsira mafunso, ndi njira yolembera makalata zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi maganizo a wofufuzayo.
3. Nkhani zopezera zitsanzo: Ethnography nthawi zambiri imagwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo zosasankhidwa mwachisawawa. Chifukwa chake, manambala sangatchulidwe kuti ndi ophatikizana nthawi zonse. Manambala amagwiritsidwa ntchito moyenera pothandizira mfundo zokhudzana ndi nkhani, osati zonena za anthu onse.
4. Makhalidwe Abwino ndi Zachinsinsi: Deta yochuluka, makamaka malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, imatha kuwulula umunthu kapena udindo wa anthu m'dera. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe ayenera kukhala okhwima kwambiri pankhani yokhudza kusadziwika ndi chilolezo cha omwe akutenga nawo mbali.
Njira Zothandiza Zogwiritsira Ntchito Ziwerengero mu Ethnography
Kuti ziwerengero zikhale zothandizadi, pali njira zingapo zomwe zingagwiritsidwe ntchito:
- Kuyambira pa mafunso okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu: ziwerengero zimasankhidwa kuti ziyankhe mafunso a m'munda, osati kuti ziwoneke ngati "zasayansi".
– Gwiritsani ntchito manambala ngati chitsogozo, osati oweruza: ngati deta ikuwonetsa mawonekedwe osazolowereka, bwererani kumunda—funsani, yang'anirani, ndipo mumvetse.
- Khalani omveka bwino pakulemba ma code: fotokozani momwe magulu adapangidwira, momwe deta idawerengedwera, ndi zolepheretsa zake.
- Ikani patsogolo kutanthauzira nkhani: manambala ayenera kuyikidwa mu nkhani ya anthu—ndani akulankhula, pazochitika ziti, komanso zotsatira zake ndi ziti.
Kutseka
Ziwerengero ndi ethnography si maiko awiri omwe ayenera kutsutsana. Ethnography imapereka kuzama, kusiyana, ndi tanthauzo; ziwerengero zimapereka njira yofotokozera mwachidule machitidwe ndi kusiyana. Zikaphatikizidwa mosamala, ziwirizi zimatha kupanga kafukufuku wodzaza ndi nkhani komanso wokopa mkangano: wokhoza kufotokoza osati "zomwe zinachitika" ndi "zomwe zinatanthauza kwa ophunzira," komanso "momwe zimafalikira," "momwe zimachitikira pafupipafupi," komanso "pansi pa mikhalidwe iti" miyambo yachikhalidwe.
Pomaliza, ziwerengero mu ethnography sizikutanthauza kusintha mawu a anthu ndi manambala, koma kuwonjezera umboni wina kuti kumvetsetsa kwathu moyo wa anthu kukhale kokwanira, kodalirika, komanso koyenera kwa omvera osiyanasiyana.
