Ziwerengero mu Anthropology
Anthropology nthawi zambiri imamveka ngati sayansi yogwirizana kwambiri ndi nkhani—nkhani za moyo, miyambo, zizindikiro, ndi matanthauzo omwe anthu amitundu yosiyanasiyana amagawana. Komabe, kupitirira nkhani zolemerazi, anthropology imafunanso njira yodziwira machitidwe mwadongosolo. Apa ndi pomwe ziwerengero zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Ziwerengero zimathandiza akatswiri a anthropology kusintha zomwe akuwona kukhala zomwe zapezeka zomwe zitha kuyesedwa, kuyerekezeredwa, ndikufotokozedwa mokhutiritsa kwambiri. Mwa kuphatikiza njira zowunikira komanso zowerengera, anthropology imatha kuyankha mafunso monga "kutanthauza chiyani" komanso "kangati zimachitika," "kodi zotsatira zake ndi zazikulu bwanji," ndi "kodi machitidwewa amasiyana m'magulu?"
Nchifukwa chiyani ziwerengero ndizofunikira mu anthropology?
Cholinga chachikulu cha maphunziro a anthropology ndikumvetsetsa anthu m'mikhalidwe yawo ya chikhalidwe, chikhalidwe, zamoyo, zilankhulo, komanso mbiri yakale. Mu ntchito za m'munda, akatswiri a anthropology nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi deta yovuta: kuyankhulana, zolemba zowonera, zinthu zakale, miyeso ya thupi, deta yaumoyo, maukonde a ubale, komanso njira zosamukira. Ziwerengero zimathandiza kufotokoza zovutazi kukhala chidziwitso chomwe chingatanthauzidwe ngati zochitika, ubale pakati pa zosinthika, ndi kusiyana pakati pa madera.
Ziwerengero ndizofunikiranso pakuwonjezera kulondola kwa mfundo. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu akamanena kuti mwambo "unawonjezeka" panthawi inayake, zomwe akunena zimakhala zolimba ngati zithandizidwa ndi kuwerengera pafupipafupi, kufananiza pakati pa chaka, kapena mayeso ofunika. Mwanjira ina, ziwerengero zimalimbitsa mfundo ndi umboni woyezeka.
Mitundu ya deta mu kafukufuku wa anthropological
Anthropology imapanga deta yosiyanasiyana. Kawirikawiri, deta imatha kukhala ndi mitundu iyi:
1. Deta yodziwika: magulu osakonzedwa bwino, monga mtundu wa ntchito, gulu, kapena mtundu wa mwambo.
2. Deta yokhazikika: magulu otsatizana, mwachitsanzo mulingo wa maphunziro (sukulu ya pulayimale, sukulu yapakati, sukulu ya sekondale, koleji) kapena sikelo yowunikira momwe munthu akuonera zinthu.
3. Deta ya nthawi/chiŵerengero: manambala okhala ndi mtunda wofunikira, monga ndalama, zaka, kutalika, chiwerengero cha anthu apakhomo, kapena maulendo opita ku malo olambirira.
Kuphatikiza apo, zambiri zokhudza anthu “zimasakanikirana.” Mwachitsanzo, zotsatira za kuyankhulana zitha kugawidwa m'magulu kenako n’kusanthulidwa pamodzi ndi deta ya kafukufuku. Mchitidwewu ukugogomezera kuti ziwerengero sizilowa m'malo mwa njira zowunikira, koma zimawonjezera.
Ziwerengero zofotokozera: kufotokozera mwachidule zenizeni za anthu
Gawo loyamba la kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero nthawi zambiri limakhala ziwerengero zofotokozera, njira yofotokozera mwachidule deta. Akatswiri a za anthu amatha kuwerengera avareji, apakatikati, njira, peresenti, ndi miyeso ya kugawa monga kusinthasintha kwa muyezo. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wokhudza momwe chakudya chimagwiritsidwira ntchito panyumba angasonyeze kuchuluka kwa ndalama zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pa chakudya pa sabata komanso kusiyana kwake m'magulu osiyanasiyana.
Kujambula zithunzi ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa ziwerengero zofotokozera. Ma chart a bar amatha kuwonetsa kugawa kwa ntchito m'mudzi, pomwe ma histogram amatha kuwonetsa kugawa kwa zaka paukwati woyamba. Mamapu a mitu (monga kugawa zilankhulo kapena mamapu osamukira) amathandiza kulumikiza manambala ndi malo ochezera komanso malo.
Ziwerengero zoyerekeza: kuchokera ku chitsanzo kupita ku chiwerengero cha anthu
Akatswiri a za anthu akafuna kupeza mfundo zambiri kuchokera ku deta yomwe asonkhanitsa, amagwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero zoganizira. Njira imeneyi ndi yothandiza makamaka pamene kafukufuku akugwiritsa ntchito zitsanzo ndipo cholinga chake ndi kumvetsetsa anthu ambiri.
Zitsanzo zina za mafunso omwe ziwerengero zoyerekeza zingathandize kuyankha:
- Kodi pali kusiyana kwakukulu pakupeza chithandizo chamankhwala pakati pa mitundu iwiriyi?
- Kodi ubale pakati pa maphunziro ndi malingaliro okhudza ukwati wachikhalidwe ndi wolimba bwanji?
- Ndi chinthu chiti chomwe chimakhudza kwambiri zisankho zosamukira: ntchito, maukonde a mabanja, kapena maphunziro?
Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri zimaphatikizapo mayeso a t, chi-square, ANOVA, correlation, ndi regression. Komabe, kugwiritsa ntchito kwawo kuyenera kusinthidwa kuti kugwirizane ndi kapangidwe ka kafukufuku, mtundu wa deta, ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chikuphunziridwa.
Anthropology ya zamoyo ndi ziwerengero
Mu sayansi ya zamoyo, ziwerengero ndizofunikira kwambiri chifukwa zambiri zimayesedwa (monga kutalika, kulemera, kuchuluka kwa thupi, kukula kwa chigaza m'maphunziro a paleoanthropological, kapena deta ya majini a anthu). Ziwerengero zimathandiza kuwunika kusiyanasiyana kwa zamoyo za anthu, kumvetsetsa kusintha kwa chilengedwe, ndikutsatira kusintha kwa nthawi.
Chitsanzo cha momwe imagwiritsidwira ntchito ndi kuphunzira za kukula kwa ana m'dera linalake. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amatha kufananiza kukula kwa ana ndi miyezo ina kenako n’kuwunika zinthu monga zakudya, mwayi wopeza ukhondo, kapena ntchito ya m’banja yomwe ingakhale yokhudzana ndi thanzi.
Anthropology ya chikhalidwe cha anthu: ziwerengero zimakwaniritsa tanthauzo
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, vuto ndi kuonetsetsa kuti manambala sakutayika. Chiwerengero chingasonyeze kuti chizolowezi chimachitika m'mabanja 70%, koma sichifotokoza chifukwa chake chizolowezicho chili chofunika, momwe tanthauzo lake limakambiranidwira, kapena amene amapindula ndi amene amataya.
Chifukwa chake, ziwerengero nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati njira yopezera kusanthula kwabwino. Mwachitsanzo, ngati deta ya kafukufuku ikuwonetsa kuti mibadwo yachinyamata siichita nawo miyambo yambiri, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amatha kutsatira ndi mafunso ozama kuti adziwe ngati izi zikuchitika chifukwa cha kusintha kwa makhalidwe, mavuto azachuma, kutukuka kwa mizinda, kapena kusintha kwa ulamuliro wachikhalidwe. Ziwerengero zimapereka mapu a machitidwe, pomwe ethnography imapereka zomwe zili mkati ndi kufotokozera.
Kusanthula kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi ubale
Gawo limodzi lomwe likukula ndi kusanthula maukonde ochezera. Anthropology yakhala ikufufuza ubale ndi maubwenzi a anthu kwa nthawi yayitali, koma ziwerengero ndi sayansi ya maukonde zimathandiza kusanthula koyezera: ndani amene amagwira ntchito ngati mkhalapakati pakati pa magulu, kuchuluka kwa maukonde othandizira, kapena momwe chidziwitso chimafalikira.
Mwachitsanzo, mu maphunziro osamukira kudziko lina, maukonde a ubale amatha kufotokoza chifukwa chake anthu amasankha mzinda winawake: chifukwa achibale amapereka nyumba kapena mwayi wopeza ntchito. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira zoyezera maukonde monga kukhazikika kapena kuchulukana kwa anthu, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe amatha kujambula kapangidwe ka mphamvu, mgwirizano, ndi kudalirana mkati mwa anthu ammudzi.
Mavuto ndi makhalidwe abwino ogwiritsira ntchito ziwerengero
Kugwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero mu maphunziro a anthu sikuli kopanda mavuto. Choyamba, pali chiopsezo cha kuchepetsa: zenizeni zachikhalidwe zolemera zitha kuchepetsedwa kukhala zinthu zochepa. Chachiwiri, pali tsankho pa muyeso: malingaliro monga "ubwino," "chipembedzo," kapena "kudziwika" ndi ovuta kuwayeza popanda kuphweka kwambiri tanthauzo lawo. Chachitatu, pali kuyimira ndi kupereka zitsanzo: madera ang'onoang'ono kapena magulu ang'onoang'ono nthawi zambiri amakhala ovuta kuwayimira, kotero mfundo ziyenera kuperekedwa mosamala.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a makhalidwe abwino, deta yochuluka imatha kuzindikirika mosavuta ngati siidziwika bwino, makamaka m'madera ang'onoang'ono. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu ayenera kuonetsetsa kuti ophunzirawo avomereza, kusunga chinsinsi, komanso kupewa kugwiritsa ntchito deta yomwe ingawononge magulu ena. Manambala angagwiritsidwenso ntchito molakwika kuti alimbikitse malingaliro olakwika, kotero kutanthauzira kuyenera kukhala kosamala komanso kodalirika.
Kuphatikiza njira: malo apakati opindulitsa
Njira yodziwika kwambiri ndi njira zosakanikirana, kuphatikiza kafukufuku wochuluka ndi ethnography yolondola. Akatswiri a za anthu angayambe ndi kuyang'ana m'munda kuti amvetse magulu am'deralo kenako n'kupanga zida zofufuzira zomwe zikuwonetsa bwino zenizeni za m'deralo. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, zotsatira za kafukufuku zitha kutsogolera kusankha anthu odziwitsa mafunso kuti akambirane mozama.
Kuphatikizana kumeneku kumabweretsa kafukufuku wamphamvu: manambala amapereka kumveka bwino kwa machitidwe, pomwe nkhani zimapereka kufotokozera ndi kusiyana. Kuphatikiza kwa ziwirizi kumathandiza kuti maphunziro a anthu alankhule ndi omvera osiyanasiyana—ophunzira, opanga mfundo, ndi madera omwe akuphunziridwa.
Kutseka
Ziwerengero mu anthropology si njira yoyesera "kuwerengera" chikhalidwe, koma ndi chida chokulitsa luso la anthropology powerenga moyo wa anthu. Ndi ziwerengero, akatswiri a anthropology amatha kuyesa malingaliro, kuyerekeza magulu, kugawa kusiyana kwa mapu, ndikupanga mfundo zolimba. Komabe, mphamvu ya ziwerengero iyenera kukhala yolinganizidwa nthawi zonse ndi kumvetsetsa kwa nkhani, kusinkhasinkha mozama, ndi makhalidwe abwino ofufuza. Pamapeto pake, kuyanjana kwa manambala ndi tanthauzo kumawonjezera anthropology: imatha kujambula tsatanetsatane wa zomwe anthu akumana nazo panthawi imodzi ndikuzindikira machitidwe akuluakulu omwe amaumba magulu a anthu.
