Chiphunzitso cha Kumanga Anthu mu Mass Media
Chiphunzitso cha kumanga chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi njira yofunika kwambiri mu sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu yomwe imatithandiza kumvetsetsa momwe "zenizeni" zimapangidwira kudzera mu kuyanjana kwa anthu, chilankhulo, ndi mabungwe. Ponena za nkhani zoulutsira nkhani, chiphunzitsochi n'chofunika kwambiri chifukwa nkhani zoulutsira nkhani si njira zongopeka zopezera chidziwitso, koma anthu ochita zinthu zachikhalidwe omwe amathandizira pakupanga momwe anthu amaonera dziko lapansi. Zomwe zimatchedwa zoona, nkhani zofunika, ziwopsezo, kupambana, komanso ngakhale umunthu wa magulu ena nthawi zambiri sizimangokhala zokha koma zimamangidwa—zimamangidwa—kudzera mu njira zachikhalidwe zomwe zimakhudza atolankhani, atolankhani, magwero, mabungwe, ndi omvera.
Kumvetsetsa Kumanga Anthu
Kumanga kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumachokera ku lingaliro lakuti chidziwitso ndi zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu sizimangokhalapo mwachisawawa, koma m'malo mwake zimapangidwa kudzera mu machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu. Buku lina lodziwika bwino ndi ntchito ya Peter L. Berger ndi Thomas Luckmann, The Social Construction of Reality (1966). Amalongosola kuti zenizeni za chikhalidwe cha anthu zimapangidwa kudzera mu njira zowonetsera kunja (anthu amapanga zinthu zachikhalidwe), kuganiza mozama (zinthuzo zimawoneka ngati zenizeni zodziyimira pawokha), ndi kuganiza mkati (anthu amavomereza ndikuwona zinthu zachikhalidwe izi ngati zoona).
Ngati tiyang'ana pa nkhani zoulutsira nkhani, zenizeni zomwe anthu ambiri amaona nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha zisankho zingapo: zomwe zimachitika, magwero ati omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi odalirika, mawu ati omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito, zithunzi ziti zomwe zimawonetsedwa, ndi malingaliro ati omwe amasankhidwa. Zonsezi ndi njira zomangira.
Makampani Ofalitsa Nkhani Monga Opanga Zochitika Zachikhalidwe
Mu chiphunzitso cha zomangamanga za anthu, atolankhani amaonedwa osati ngati galasi la zenizeni zokha komanso ngati "fakitale" ya zenizeni za anthu. Chochitika chomwecho chingatanthauzidwe mosiyana kutengera momwe atolankhani amachifotokozera. Mwachitsanzo, chiwonetsero chinganenedwe ngati "chinthu chamtendere chofuna chilungamo" kapena ngati "chipolowe chosokoneza bata la anthu." Kusankha mawu kumeneku kumakhudza momwe omvera amaonera yemwe ali wolondola ndi yemwe ali wolakwika, komanso ngati nkhaniyo ndi yoyenera kuthandizidwa kapena kukanidwa.
Atolankhani nawonso amatenga gawo lofunikira posankha nkhani pogwiritsa ntchito njira yosankhira nkhani (kusamalira zipata). Si zochitika zonse zomwe zimalowa m'chipinda chofalitsa nkhani. Chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa malo, nthawi, ndi chidwi cha anthu, atolankhani amasankha zenizeni zina kuti apereke ndipo amachotsa zina. Mu njira yomanga chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusankha kumeneku sikuti ndi mbali ya kupanga zenizeni za anthu onse.
Chilankhulo ndi Zizindikiro: Chida Chabwino Kwambiri Chomangira
Chilankhulo ndi chofunikira kwambiri pakupanga zinthu m'magulu a anthu. Manyuzipepala amapanga zenizeni kudzera m'nkhani, zilembo, mafanizo, ndi zizindikiro zooneka. Mawu monga "osakhazikika," "ochita zigawenga," "ngwazi," "wozunzidwa," kapena "osamukira kudziko lina osaloledwa" si mafotokozedwe chabe, koma magulu a anthu okhala ndi tanthauzo la phindu.
Kuwonjezera pa chilankhulo, zizindikiro zooneka—zithunzi, makanema, zithunzi, ndi mapangidwe—zimathandizanso kupanga tanthauzo. Mwachitsanzo, kusankha chithunzi cha munthu amene ali ndi nkhope yokwiya m'malo mwa munthu wodekha kungapangitse anthu kuona khalidwe la munthuyo. Mu kampeni zandale, kujambula zithunzi kungathe kudziwa chithunzi cha munthu amene akufuna kusankhidwa: wotchuka, wodzidalira, wolemekezeka, kapena china chilichonse.
Kupanga ndi Kukhazikitsa Ndondomeko mu Malingaliro a Akatswiri Omanga
Mfundo ziwiri zomwe nthawi zambiri zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pofotokoza momwe atolankhani amapangira zenizeni ndi kukhazikitsa zolinga ndi kukonzekera.
1. Kukhazikitsa ndondomeko ya nkhani kumafotokoza kuti atolankhani nthawi zonse sasankha zomwe anthu ayenera kuganiza, koma ndi amphamvu kwambiri posankha zomwe ayenera kuganiza. Mwa kuwonetsa nkhani inayake pafupipafupi, atolankhani amakweza udindo wawo ngati nkhani yayikulu. Mwachitsanzo, ngati atolankhani akuwonetsa upandu m'misewu nthawi zonse, anthu angaone kuti chitetezo chikuipiraipira ngakhale kuti deta yovomerezeka singasonyeze kusintha kwakukulu.
2. Kufotokozera momwe atolankhani amakonzera nkhani, kupereka nkhani, ndi kupereka malingaliro enaake. Chithunzicho chidzakhudza momwe anthu amaonera chomwe chayambitsa vutoli, yemwe ali ndi udindo, ndi mayankho omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi oyenera.
Zonsezi zikugwirizana ndi mfundo yokhudza kagwiridwe ka anthu chifukwa zimasonyeza kuti zenizeni za anthu onse sizimangopangidwa ndi mfundo zokha, komanso ndi momwe mfundozo zimakhazikitsidwira, kugogomezeredwa, komanso kugwirizana.
Mabungwe Ofalitsa Nkhani, Mphamvu, ndi Malingaliro
Kumanga kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumatikumbutsanso kuti kupanga tanthauzo sikuchitika mwachisawawa. Ma TV ndi mabungwe omwe amagwira ntchito mkati mwa dongosolo la zachuma ndi ndale. Ufulu wa atolankhani, zotsatsa malonda, ubale ndi omwe ali ndi mphamvu, komanso ngakhale kupsinjika kwa msika kumatha kukhudza zomwe zalembedwa.
Apa ndi pomwe mbali ya mphamvu imayambira. Magulu omwe ali ndi mwayi wopeza nkhani zambiri nthawi zambiri amakhala okhoza kufotokoza zenizeni. Mwachitsanzo, akuluakulu aboma, anthu andale, ndi makampani akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zinthu zopangira nkhani zazikulu kudzera mu misonkhano ya atolankhani, kufalitsa nkhani zovomerezeka, kapena ma kampeni olumikizirana. Pakadali pano, magulu omwe ali kutali nthawi zambiri sakhala ndi malo oti afotokoze zomwe akumana nazo. Zotsatira zake, zenizeni "zovomerezeka" za anthu zitha kuyimira bwino malingaliro a gulu lalikulu kuposa anthu onse.
Lingaliro limeneli likugwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro la ulamuliro, lomwe ndi ulamuliro womwe umachitika osati chifukwa cha kukakamiza kokha, komanso chifukwa cha mgwirizano womwe umachitika kudzera mu chikhalidwe ndi zokambirana. Atolankhani ndi chida chofunikira kwambiri pankhaniyi.
Omvera: Wolandira Wopanda Kumvera Kapena Wochita Sewero?
Mu njira yomanga anthu, omvera nthawi zambiri samawoneka ngati osachitapo kanthu. Zoona zake zimapangidwanso ndi momwe omvera amatanthauzira, kukambirana, ndi kufalitsa uthenga. Mu nthawi ya digito, udindo wa omvera umakhala wamphamvu kwambiri, chifukwa amatha kupereka ndemanga, kupanga zinthu zotsutsana, ndikupangitsa kuti nkhani zifalikire kwambiri.
Komabe, ufulu wa omvera sikutanthauza nthawi zonse kuwerenga paokha. Ma algorithms a nsanja, kuvomereza kosagwirizana, ndi "ma echo chambers" amatha kulimbikitsa kutanthauzira kwina ndikugawanitsa zenizeni zomwe zapangidwa. Mwanjira ina, kumanga anthu si nkhani ya akonzi a nkhani zokha, komanso kumapangidwa kudzera mu kusintha kwa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti ndi madera a pa intaneti.
Zitsanzo za Kumanga Zenizeni mu Media
Chitsanzo chodziwikiratu ndi malipoti okhudza masoka. Atolankhani amatha kupanga tsoka ngati "tsoka la anthu" lomwe limafuna mgwirizano, kapena ngati "kulephera kwa boma" komwe kumafuna kuyankha. Zonsezi zitha kukhala zoona mpaka pamlingo winawake, koma kusankha kugogomezera kudzapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri ayankhe mosiyana: kaya cholinga chake ndi kupereka ndalama ndi thandizo, kapena kutsutsa mfundo ndi kusintha.
Chitsanzo china ndi nkhani zaumoyo. Pa nthawi ya mliri, atolankhani amatha kuyambitsa mantha kapena kulimbikitsa kumvetsetsa bwino kutengera momwe amasankhira magwero, kupereka deta, ndikufotokozera zoopsa. Chidziwitso chomwecho chingapangitse zinthu zosiyanasiyana pagulu: kuyambira bata mpaka mantha mpaka mantha.
Kufunika ndi Kutsutsa kwa Ntchito Yomanga Anthu
Chiphunzitso cha social constructionism n'chothandiza kwambiri pothetsa lingaliro lakuti atolankhani "amangoyimira zenizeni." Chimatithandiza kutsutsa kwambiri nkhani, zokonda, ndi njira yopangira nkhani. Komabe, social constructionism ilinso ndi otsutsa ake. Ena amakhulupirira kuti njira imeneyi ikhoza kubisa mfundo zenizeni, ngati kuti zenizeni zonse ndi nkhani chabe. Komabe, nthawi zambiri—monga masoka achilengedwe kapena kuchuluka kwa imfa—pali zinthu zenizeni, zakuthupi.
Chifukwa chake, kugwiritsa ntchito njira yomanga chikhalidwe cha anthu mu maphunziro a atolankhani nthawi zambiri kumagogomezera kuti zenizeni zimakhala ndi mbali ziwiri: pali dziko la zinthu zakuthupi, koma tanthauzo lake nthawi zonse limayendetsedwa ndi chilankhulo, mabungwe, ndi mphamvu. Nkhani zimagwira ntchito yayikulu pakupanga tanthauzo limeneli.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha anthu omanga nyumba m'manyuzipepala chimanena kuti zenizeni za anthu sizimangochitika zokha kuchokera ku zochitika, koma m'malo mwake kudzera mu njira za anthu: kusankha chidziwitso, kugwiritsa ntchito chilankhulo, kufotokoza, ndi ubale wamphamvu pakati pa mabungwe atolankhani ndi anthu. Manyuzipepala ambiri si ofalitsa nkhani okha komanso opanga matanthauzo omwe amakhudza momwe timamvetsetsera nkhani, kuwunika anthu omwe akuchita nawo zinthu pagulu, komanso kupanga zisankho.
Mwa kumvetsetsa za zomangamanga za anthu, titha kukhala omvera otsutsa kwambiri: kukayikira malingaliro a atolankhani, kufunafuna magwero ena, kufananiza nkhani, ndikuzindikira kuti zomwe zikuwoneka ngati "zenizeni" nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomangamanga. Munthawi ya makanema apa digito othamanga komanso mpikisano waukulu wofuna chidwi, kuzindikira kumeneku ndikofunikira kuti anthu asagwidwe mosavuta mu zenizeni zomwe zamangidwa mbali imodzi koma m'malo mwake athe kupanga kumvetsetsa koyenera komanso kodalirika.
