Chiphunzitso cha Dramaturgical cha Erving Goffman
Pendauluan
Erving Goffman anali m'modzi mwa akatswiri odziwika bwino a zachikhalidwe cha anthu a m'zaka za m'ma 20 omwe zopereka zawo ku sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka chiphunzitso chake cha dramaturgy, zapereka chidziwitso chatsopano pa kuyanjana kwa anthu. Mu ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri, "The Presentation of Self in Everyday Life" (1956), Goffman adapanga lingaliro lofotokoza momwe anthu nthawi zonse amachitira "machitidwe" kapena "machitidwe" m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Lingaliroli limadziwika kuti chiphunzitso cha dramaturgical, chomwe chimagwiritsa ntchito fanizo la siteji ya zisudzo pofotokoza khalidwe la anthu. Cholinga cha nkhaniyi ndikuwunika bwino chiphunzitso cha dramaturgical cha Goffman.
Gawo Loyamba ndi Gawo Lobwerera
Limodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu za chiphunzitso cha Goffman ndi lingaliro la 'siteji yakutsogolo' ndi 'siteji yakumbuyo'. Gawo lakutsogolo ndi komwe anthu 'amadzipereka' kwa anthu onse. Pano, munthu amachita gawo lomwe omvera ake amayembekezera pogwiritsa ntchito zolemba zingapo ndi zinthu zofunikira zokhudzana ndi 'machitidwe'. Kuchita kumeneku kumaphatikizapo kulankhula kolamulidwa komanso kosalala, khalidwe, ndi mawonekedwe akuthupi.
Mwachitsanzo, mphunzitsi m'kalasi adzakhala patsogolo pa kalasi, kusonyeza kudalirika, kudziletsa, ndi luso pa nkhaniyo. Mphunzitsiyo adzagwiritsa ntchito zothandizira pophunzitsa, njira zophunzitsira, ndi kuvala moyenera kuti alimbikitse ulemu ndi ulamuliro.
Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kumbuyo kwa siteji ndi malo omwe anthu angasiye maudindo awo ndikupumula, kusonkhananso, kapena kuganizira za umunthu wawo wakutsogolo. Kumbuyo kwa siteji, anthu amatha kuchita zinthu popanda kuda nkhawa ndi malingaliro a anthu, monga "eni enieni." Mwachitsanzo, mphunzitsi angasiye chithunzi chake m'chipinda cha aphunzitsi kapena kunyumba, akulankhula momasuka komanso kuwulula mbali ya umunthu wawo yomwe siimawoneka pamaso pa ophunzira awo.
Maudindo ndi Magulu
Mu chiphunzitso cha dramaturgical, anthu amaonedwa kuti akuchita maudindo osiyanasiyana m'miyoyo yawo yonse, zomwe zimadalira momwe anthu amakhalira ndi zochita zosiyanasiyana. Goffman anagogomezera kuti, pochita maudindo amenewa, sitichita tokha. Nthawi zambiri, timakhala m'gulu la "gulu" lomwe limagwira ntchito limodzi kuti lipange ndikusunga magwiridwe antchito enaake. Gululi nthawi zambiri limakhala ndi anthu omwe ali ndi cholinga chimodzi kapena chidwi chimodzi pakuchita bwino komwe kwaperekedwa.
Mwachitsanzo, mu lesitilanti, antchito onse amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti apatse makasitomala chakudya chokoma. Otumikira, ophika, ndi oyang'anira aliyense ali ndi ntchito yakeyake, koma ayenera kugwira ntchito limodzi kuti asunge chithunzi cha ukatswiri komanso utumiki wabwino womwe makasitomala amayembekezera.
Kasamalidwe ka Zithunzi
Chinthu chimodzi chofunikira kwambiri pa chiphunzitso cha dramaturgical ndi lingaliro la "kulamulira malingaliro." Iyi ndi njira yomwe anthu amalamulira momwe amaonedwera ndi ena. Ikuphatikizapo njira zosiyanasiyana zopangira ndikusintha malingaliro a ena. Njirazi zitha kuphatikizapo kuwongolera mawonekedwe a nkhope, manja, kusankha mawu, zovala, komanso kugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zina kapena malo ena.
Goffman anagogomezera kuti kuyang'anira malingaliro ndi njira yodziwira bwino komanso yothandiza. Munthu angasankhe mawu ake mosamala kapena kusintha mawonekedwe ake kuti atsimikizire kuti malingaliro omwe ena amalandira akugwirizana ndi zomwe akuyembekezera komanso zomwe akufuna. Mwachitsanzo, panthawi yofunsidwa ntchito, wofunsira ntchito angavale bwino, kulankhula mwaulemu, ndikuwonetsa khalidwe laukadaulo kuti apange chithunzi chabwino kwa wofunsayo.
Miyambo Yogwirizana ndi Kusalana
Goffman adalankhulanso kwambiri za miyambo yolumikizana ndi anthu komanso momwe imagwirira ntchito pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Ananenanso kuti kuyanjana ndi anthu nthawi zambiri kumayendetsedwa ndi miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino omwe amathandiza kusunga mgwirizano wa anthu ndikulimbitsa ubale pakati pa anthu. Miyamboyi ingaphatikizepo moni, machitidwe osiyanasiyana pazochitika zovomerezeka, kapena momwe timachitira zinthu pa zokambirana za tsiku ndi tsiku.
Goffman adapitiliza kukambirana za lingaliro la 'kusalana,' chizindikiro kapena khalidwe lomwe limawononga umunthu wa munthu. Kusalana nthawi zambiri kumachitika munthu akamasonyeza makhalidwe kapena machitidwe osiyana ndi miyambo ina ya anthu. Anthu osalana ayenera kugwira ntchito molimbika pakuwongolera malingaliro awo kuti athetse kapena kuchepetsa zotsatira za kusalana kumeneku.
Kutsutsa Chiphunzitso cha Dramaturgical
Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitso cha Goffman chokhudza masewero chimapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa kuyanjana kwa anthu, sichinakhalepo popanda otsutsa ake. Ena amanena kuti ndi chokhazikika kwambiri ndipo amanyalanyaza zinthu za ufulu wa munthu payekha komanso ufulu wodzisankhira. Ena amatsutsa kufanana kwa zisudzo, komwe kumaonedwa kuti ndi kopitirira muyeso, chifukwa si mbali zonse za moyo wa anthu zomwe zingafanane ndi sewero lokhalo lokha.
Kuphatikiza apo, otsutsa ena amanena kuti chiphunzitso cha Goffman sichikukamba zambiri za kapangidwe ka anthu, monga zachuma, ndale, ndi mabungwe ena a anthu omwe amachitanso gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga maubwenzi a anthu.
Mapeto
Chiphunzitso cha Erving Goffman chokhudza masewero chimapereka malingaliro abwino komanso atsopano okhudza momwe anthu amachitira zinthu pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Pogwiritsa ntchito fanizo la zisudzo, Goffman akuwonetsa bwino momwe anthu nthawi zonse amayesera kulamulira momwe ena amawaonera kudzera m'maudindo osiyanasiyana, magawo, ndi njira zoyendetsera malingaliro.
Ngakhale kuti chiphunzitsochi chatsutsidwa pang'ono, thandizo lake pomvetsetsa khalidwe la anthu ndi losatsutsika. Chiphunzitso cha dramaturgical chimatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino zovuta za kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi zinthu zosiyanasiyana zomwe zimakhudza momwe timayendera miyoyo yathu ya anthu. Motero, Goffman adatsegula njira yokambirana ndi kufufuza zambiri za momwe anthu amakhalira komanso umunthu wawo.
