Chiphunzitso cha Max Weber cha Zochita za Anthu
Max Weber (1864–1920) ndi m'modzi mwa anthu otchuka kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu chamakono. Zopereka zake sizimangokhala mu maphunziro ake a mabungwe, chipembedzo, ndi zachuma, komanso kumvetsetsa kwake zochita za anthu m'moyo wa anthu. Limodzi mwa malingaliro ofunikira a Weber ndi chiphunzitso cha zochita za anthu, njira yofotokozera momwe anthu amachitira zinthu poganizira matanthauzo ndi malingaliro awo kwa ena. Kudzera mu chiphunzitsochi, Weber anathandiza chikhalidwe cha anthu kusuntha kupitirira kungofotokoza kapangidwe ka anthu mpaka kumvetsetsa zolinga ndi matanthauzo a zochita za anthu.
Zochita za anthu: mfundo yaikulu ya kuganiza kwa Weber
Malinga ndi Weber, si zochita zonse za anthu zomwe zingatchedwe "zochita zachikhalidwe." Zochita zimangokhalira zochita zachikhalidwe ngati zili ndi tanthauzo laumwini kwa wochita sewero ndipo zimatsogoleredwa—zenizeni kapena zongoganiziridwa—kwa ena. Izi zikutanthauza kuti Weber anagogomezera kuti zochita zachikhalidwe si kungoyenda chabe, chizolowezi chongochitika zokha, kapena kuchitapo kanthu mwachibadwa. Chofunika ndi momwe wochita sewero amaperekera tanthauzo ku zochita zake ndi momwe amaganizira zochita kapena ziyembekezo za ena.
Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene akutsegula ambulera mvula ingakhale njira yothandiza yopewera kunyowa—ingakhale njira yachibadwa yochitira zinthu payekha. Komabe, ngati akutsegula ambulera chifukwa akufuna kuoneka bwino kwa anzawo kapena kuoneka ngati akatswiri kwa akuluakulu awo, ndiye kuti zochita zawo zimakhala ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Chifukwa chake, Weber samangoyang'ana pa "zomwe zachitika," koma "chifukwa chake ndi kwa ndani zomwe zachitika."
Verstehen: kumvetsetsa tanthauzo kuchokera mkati
Njira ya Weber nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi lingaliro la Verstehen (Chijeremani: "kumvetsetsa"). Verstehen ndi njira yotanthauzira yomvetsetsa zochita za anthu poyesa kupeza tanthauzo lomwe ochita sewerowo akufuna. Weber adati sociology sikokwanira kungosonkhanitsa ziwerengero kapena kufotokoza khalidwe la anthu kudzera m'malamulo wamba monga sayansi yachilengedwe. Sociology iyenera kukhala yokhoza kutanthauzira zolinga, zolinga, ndi njira zomwe anthu amamvetsetsa dziko lawo la anthu.
Komabe, kumvetsetsa kwa Weber sikungokhala kungoganiza chabe. Anagogomezera kufunika kofotokozera mwanzeru komanso modalirika, mwachitsanzo kudzera mu kukonzanso zolinga kutengera momwe zinthu zilili pagulu, zikalata, kuyankhulana, ndi ubale womveka bwino pakati pa chifukwa ndi zotsatira zake. Motero, Verstehen amaphatikiza kutanthauzira tanthauzo ndi kusanthula kwasayansi.
Kusiyana pakati pa Weber, Durkheim ndi Marx
Kuti timvetse maganizo a Weber, ndikofunikira kuyang'ana kusiyana kwake ndi anthu ena. Émile Durkheim ankakonda kutsindika "mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu" zomwe zilipo kunja kwa anthu ndi kuziletsa (monga miyambo, malamulo, ndi mabungwe). Karl Marx anagogomezera mikangano ya magulu ndi kapangidwe ka zachuma ngati zinthu zazikulu zomwe zimapangitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Weber sanakane kapangidwe ka zinthu, koma ananena kuti kapangidwe ka anthu sikanamvetsetseka popanda kuganizira zochita za munthu payekha komanso tanthauzo lomwe anthu amaika pa zochitazo.
Mwa kuyankhula kwina, Weber amaika munthuyo ngati poyambira pa kusanthula, koma osati munthu wodzipatula—koma munthu amene nthawi zonse amakhala wolumikizidwa mu netiweki ya maubwenzi, miyambo, makhalidwe abwino, ndi mphamvu.
Mitundu inayi yabwino kwambiri ya zochita za anthu
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Weber adapereka chinali kugawa mitundu inayi ya zochita za anthu. Weber adatcha izi "mitundu yabwino," zitsanzo zamalingaliro zomwe zimathandiza kufotokoza zenizeni, ngakhale m'moyo weniweni, zochita za anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala zosakaniza zamitundu ingapo.
1. Chida chogwiritsira ntchito mwanzeru (Zweckrational)
Ndi zochita zochokera pa kuwerengera bwino zolinga ndi njira yothandiza kwambiri yozikwaniritsira. Wochita sewero amaganizira njira zosiyanasiyana, amawerengera zabwino ndi zoyipa, ndikusankha njira yothandiza kwambiri.
Chitsanzo: Wochita bizinesi amapanga njira yotsatsira malonda pogwiritsa ntchito kafukufuku wa msika kuti awonjezere malonda. Amasankha njira yomwe amaona kuti ndi yopindulitsa kwambiri komanso yopanda chiopsezo.
2. Kuchita zinthu mwanzeru koganizira phindu (Wertrational)
Kuchita izi kumakhalabe kwanzeru, koma cholinga chake si kuchita bwino, koma kudzipereka ku makhalidwe omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi oona, opatulika, kapena ofunika. Wochita izi amachita zinthu chifukwa chotsimikiza mtima, ngakhale kuti zotsatira zake zingakhale zovulaza kwambiri.
Chitsanzo: wina amakhala wodzipereka kudera la ngozi osati chifukwa chofuna kupeza phindu, koma chifukwa akuona kuti kuthandiza ena ndi udindo wa makhalidwe abwino.
3. Kuchita zinthu mwachikondi (Mwachikondi)
Zochita zamaganizo zimayendetsedwa ndi malingaliro kapena malingaliro odziyimira pawokha, monga mkwiyo, chikondi, mantha, kapena chisoni. Kuganiza bwino nthawi zambiri kumakhala kofooka, chifukwa zochita zimachokera ku kuphulika kwa malingaliro.
Chitsanzo: Winawake akufuula kuntchito chifukwa ali ndi nkhawa kwambiri. Akuchita zinthu moganizira ena, osati chifukwa cha zolinga za nthawi yayitali.
4. Zochita zachikhalidwe
Zochita zachikhalidwe zimachitika motsatira miyambo yokhazikika. Wochita zachiwawa amachita zinthu motsatira mwambo, machitidwe, kapena chikhalidwe chake popanda kuganizira mozama kwambiri.
Chitsanzo: anthu amachita miyambo ina chaka chilichonse chifukwa “nthawi zonse zakhala choncho,” ngakhale kuti anthu ena sangamvetsenso zifukwa zoyambirira.
Mitundu inayi iyi imatithandiza kuwerenga bwino khalidwe la anthu: kodi zochitazo zimaganiziridwa mwanzeru, motsogozedwa ndi makhalidwe abwino, motsogozedwa ndi malingaliro, kapena kungotsatira miyambo?
Kulingalira ndi zamakono
Chiphunzitso cha Weber cha zochita za anthu chikugwirizana kwambiri ndi lingaliro lake la kulingalira m'chikhalidwe chamakono. Weber ankaona zamakono ngati njira yowonjezera kulamulira zochita zanzeru m'magawo osiyanasiyana: zachuma, malamulo, kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, maphunziro, komanso moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Kukula kwa capitalism, bureaucracy, ndi sayansi kunalimbikitsa anthu kuwunika dziko lapansi pankhani ya magwiridwe antchito, kulosera, ndi kulamulira.
Komabe, Weber adachenjezanso za "khola lachitsulo" la masiku ano: pamene kulingalira bwino kwa zida kukukhala kofala, miyoyo ya anthu imakhala pachiwopsezo chokhala yopanda kanthu, yogwidwa ndi malamulo, njira, ndi zofuna zogwira ntchito bwino zomwe zimachepetsa ufulu ndi tanthauzo. Pachifukwa ichi, chiphunzitso cha zochita za anthu chimafotokoza momwe kayendetsedwe ka zochita za anthu kangasinthire kuchoka pa mfundo ndi miyambo kupita ku mawerengedwe aukadaulo.
Kufunika kwa chiphunzitso cha zochita za anthu m'miyoyo ya masiku ano
Chiphunzitso cha Weber chikadali chofunikira kumvetsetsa zochitika zamakono. Mwachitsanzo, kuntchito zamakono, zochita zambiri zimatsogozedwa ndi zolinga, zizindikiro za magwiridwe antchito, ndi machitidwe owunikira—chitsanzo champhamvu cha kulingalira bwino kwa zida. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, mayendedwe a anthu, kumenyera chilengedwe, ndi zochita zachifundo zimasonyeza zochita zoganizira za phindu. Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amasonyezanso mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zochita: anthu amatha kuyika ngati njira yodzipangira dzina (yogwiritsira ntchito zida), chifukwa cha chikhulupiriro cha makhalidwe abwino (mtengo), chifukwa cha malingaliro akanthawi (kukhudzidwa), kapena kungotsatira zomwe zikuchitika (zizolowezi zachikhalidwe za digito).
Chiphunzitsochi ndi chothandizanso kumvetsetsa mikangano ya anthu: kusiyana nthawi zambiri sikuti kumangokhala pa zinthu zakuthupi zokha, komanso pa kusagwirizana kwa matanthauzo, makhalidwe abwino, ndi njira zowonera dziko lapansi. Pomvetsetsa zolinga za zochita, kukambirana pagulu kungakhale kothandiza kwambiri ndipo mayankho angakhale othandiza.
Kutseka
Chiphunzitso cha Max Weber cha zochita za anthu chimaika tanthauzo laumwini ndi malingaliro a anthu kukhala chinsinsi chomvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya Verstehen, Weber analimbikitsa chikhalidwe cha anthu kutanthauzira zochita za anthu kuchokera pamalingaliro a wochita sewero popanda kusiya kusanthula kwasayansi. Kugawa kwake mitundu inayi ya zochita za anthu—nzeru zogwiritsira ntchito zida, nzeru zoganizira za phindu, nzeru zokhutiritsa, ndi nzeru zachikhalidwe—kumapereka chida champhamvu chotanthauzira khalidwe la anthu m'malo osiyanasiyana.
Mu dziko lamakono lomwe likukula ndi kulingalira bwino, kuganiza kwa Weber kumatikumbutsa kuti zochita za anthu sizili zokha: kumbuyo kwa zisankho, zizolowezi, ndi zochita, nthawi zonse pamakhala matanthauzo omwe amawongolera momwe timakhalira limodzi. Chiphunzitso cha zochita za anthu si lingaliro la maphunziro okha, komanso lingaliro lodzimvetsetsa tokha monga anthu omwe nthawi zonse amakambirana zolinga, makhalidwe, malingaliro, ndi miyambo m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
