Chiphunzitso cha Sociology of Crime and Social Control
Chikhalidwe cha anthu chaupandu ndi nthambi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu yomwe imaphunzira za upandu ngati chochitika cha anthu. Cholinga chake chachikulu sichimangokhala pa zochita zosaloledwa komanso njira za anthu zomwe zimayambitsa, kupanga, ndi kutanthauzira upandu. Kuchokera ku malingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, upandu sumangokhala "cholakwika cha munthu payekha," koma umakhudzana ndi kapangidwe ka anthu, ubale wamphamvu, mikhalidwe yachuma, chikhalidwe, ndi mayankho a mabungwe monga apolisi, makhothi, ndi mabungwe owongolera milandu. Njira imodzi yofunika kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake munthu amatsatira kapena kuswa malamulo ndi chiphunzitso cha kulamulira anthu. Chiphunzitsochi chimafunsa funso lofunika kwambiri: ngati aliyense ali ndi mwayi wopatuka, nchifukwa chiyani anthu ambiri amatsatira malamulo?
Kukula kwa Chikhalidwe cha Zachigawenga
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu cha umbanda, umbanda umamveka kudzera m'mbali zitatu zazikulu. Choyamba, wochita izi: momwe banja, maphunziro, malo okhala, ndi malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amathandizira pa mwayi ndi zisankho za munthu kuti achite umbanda. Chachiwiri, wozunzidwayo: chifukwa chake magulu ena ali pachiwopsezo chachikulu cha kuzunzidwa, komanso momwe zinthu monga gulu la anthu, jenda, zaka, kapena malo zimakhudzira chiopsezo cha kuzunzidwa. Chachitatu, momwe anthu amachitira zinthu: momwe anthu ndi boma amafotokozera zochita zina ngati umbanda, komanso momwe kulemba mayina, kunyoza, ndi njira zoyendetsera malamulo zingalimbikitsire kapena kuchepetsa umbanda.
Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu amaikanso upandu m'malo mwa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kusamukira kumizinda, kusamuka, kusiyana kwachuma, kusowa ntchito, ndi kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo nthawi zambiri kumasintha machitidwe a upandu. Mwachitsanzo, upandu wa m'misewu ukhoza kuwonjezeka m'madera omwe ali ndi ulamuliro wofooka wa anthu ammudzi, pomwe upandu wa pa intaneti ukukulirakulira pamene kudalira kwa anthu pa ntchito zama digito kukukulirakulira. Chifukwa chake, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu amafufuza osati "yemwe amachita upanduwo" wokha komanso "chifukwa chake cholakwa chimaonedwa ngati upandu" ndi "momwe anthu amachitira."
Upandu ndi Chochitika Chachikhalidwe
M'madera, miyambo ndi malamulo amagwira ntchito ngati malangizo a khalidwe. Komabe, miyambo siigwiritsidwa ntchito mofanana nthawi zonse. Kusalingana pakukhazikitsa malamulo nthawi zambiri kumawonetsedwa mu chikhalidwe cha anthu pankhani ya umbanda: zolakwa zomwe zimachitika ndi magulu amphamvu zitha kukonzedwa mosiyana ndi zomwe zimachitika ndi magulu ochepetsedwa. Kuphatikiza apo, tanthauzo la umbanda lingasinthe kutengera momwe zinthu zilili pandale komanso makhalidwe abwino. Mwachitsanzo, machitidwe ena omwe kale ankaonedwa kuti ndi achifwamba angasinthidwe kuti akhale ovomerezeka kudzera mu kusintha kwa mfundo, komanso mosemphanitsa.
Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu pankhani ya umbanda umagogomezeranso kuti umbanda nthawi zambiri umagwirizanitsidwa ndi mwayi ndi zolepheretsa. Anthu okhala m'malo omwe alibe mwayi wopeza maphunziro okwanira, mwayi wochepa wantchito, komanso omwe amakumana ndi chiwawa kuyambira ali ana akhoza kukhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chochita zinthu zolakwika. Komabe, ndikofunikira kudziwa kuti zinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu si "zowiringula" koma ndi zida zowunikira kuti amvetsetse njira ndi kupewa.
Chiyambi cha Chiphunzitso cha Kulamulira Anthu
Chiphunzitso cha kulamulira chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chimodzi mwa ziphunzitso zazikulu mu upandu wa chikhalidwe cha anthu zomwe zimafotokoza chifukwa chake anthu sachita upandu. Mfundo yake yaikulu ndi yakuti kupotoka nthawi zonse kumakhala kotheka, koma anthu amapewa chifukwa cha maubwenzi a anthu, kuyang'aniridwa, komanso kukhazikika kwa miyezo.
Kawirikawiri, ulamuliro wa anthu ungagawidwe m'njira ziwiri: ulamuliro wovomerezeka ndi ulamuliro wosavomerezeka. Kulamulira kovomerezeka kumachitika kudzera m'mabungwe ovomerezeka monga apolisi, makhothi, malamulo a masukulu, ndi mfundo za boma. Kulamulira kosavomerezeka kumachokera ku banja, anzawo, anansi, atsogoleri ammudzi, ndi malingaliro a anthu—njira za tsiku ndi tsiku zomwe zimapangitsa kuti munthu azimva manyazi, udindo, komanso chikhumbo cholandiridwa.
Pamene maulamuliro osakhazikika afooka—mwachitsanzo, pamene ubale wa m'banja umakhala wovuta, madera sadziwana bwino, kapena makhalidwe ofanana atha—mwayi wochita zinthu molakwika umawonjezeka. Komabe, maulamuliro okhwima kwambiri amathanso kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zoyipa, monga kusakhulupirira akuluakulu aboma komanso kuphwanya malamulo, makamaka ngati kukakamiza malamulo kukuwoneka ngati kosalungama.
Chiphunzitso cha Travis Hirschi cha Mgwirizano wa Anthu
Limodzi mwa mabuku ofunikira kwambiri a chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa anthu ndi chiphunzitso cha mgwirizano wa anthu, chomwe chinapangidwa ndi Travis Hirschi (1969). Hirschi anati anthu nthawi zambiri amatsatira malamulo akakhala ndi ubale wolimba ndi anthu ammudzi mwawo. Maubwenzi amenewa ali ndi zinthu zinayi:
1. Chomangira
Kukondana ndi ena—makamaka makolo, aphunzitsi, kapena anthu ena ofunikira—kumapangitsa munthu kuganizira za momwe khalidwe lake limakhudzira. Munthu akamaganizira za ziweruzo za ena omwe amawalemekeza, nthawi zambiri sangachite zinthu zomwe zingakhumudwitse kapena kuwononga ubalewo.
2. Kudzipereka
Kudzipereka kumakhudzana ndi ndalama zomwe munthu amaika pa tsogolo "lachizolowezi", monga maphunziro, ntchito, mbiri, ndi mapulani a moyo. Pamene zinthu zikuipiraipira, m'pamenenso chifukwa chopewera kuchita zaupandu zomwe zingawononge zonsezi chikukula.
3. Kutenga nawo mbali
Kuchita nawo zinthu zabwino—sukulu, mabungwe, masewera, mautumiki achipembedzo, ntchito, kapena zochitika zachitukuko—kumachepetsa nthawi ndi mwayi wochita zinthu zolakwika. Kupatula kungokhala otanganidwa, kutenga nawo mbali kumakulitsanso malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, omwe amathandizira khalidwe losakondera anthu.
4. Chikhulupiriro
Kukhulupirira mfundo za makhalidwe abwino ndi malamulo a anthu kumapangitsa anthu kumva kuti miyambo ndi yoyenera kutsatiridwa. Ngati kukhulupirira kuti malamulo ndi olondola kufooka—monga chifukwa cha zinthu zosalungama—kutsata malamulo kungachepenso.
Kudzera mu zinthu zinayi izi, Hirschi akugogomezera kuti kupewa umbanda sikudalira kokha chilango, komanso kulimbitsa ubale wa anthu, mwayi wa moyo wabwino, komanso kuyika mfundo zofunika mkati mwa anthu.
Kudziletsa ndi Kukula kwa Munthu Payekha
Njira yowongolera anthu imagwirizananso ndi lingaliro lodziwika bwino la kudziletsa mu nkhani zaupandu. Kudziletsa kumatanthauza kuthekera kochedwetsa kukhutira, kuganizira zotsatira zake, ndi kulamulira zilakolako. Anthu omwe ali ndi kudziletsa kochepa amakhala ndi chizolowezi chochita zinthu zoopsa, kuphatikizapo upandu, makamaka m'mikhalidwe yomwe imapereka mwayi wachangu komanso mphotho mwachangu.
Kudziletsa sikungobwera kokha; nthawi zambiri kumakhudzidwa ndi njira zolerera ana, chilango chokhazikika, kuyang'aniridwa ndi makolo, ndi chithandizo cha chilengedwe. Mkati mwa chikhalidwe cha anthu cha umbanda, kulimbitsa kudziletsa si nkhani ya munthu payekha, komanso kumalumikizidwa ndi mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu: mwayi wopeza chithandizo cha mabanja, maphunziro a ana aang'ono, thanzi la maganizo, ndi chitetezo ku chiwawa.
Kufunika kwa Chiphunzitso cha Kulamulira Anthu mu Ndondomeko
Chiphunzitso cha kulamulira chikhalidwe cha anthu chili ndi tanthauzo lalikulu pa kupewa umbanda. Ngati umbanda ukuwonjezeka chifukwa chakuti ubale wa anthu ukufooka, ndiye kuti njira zothandiza sizingangodalira kukakamiza anthu. Mapulogalamu oletsa kupha anthu angayang'ane kwambiri pakulimbitsa mabanja, kukonza masukulu, kupereka malo otetezeka kwa achinyamata, kulimbikitsa chitukuko cha anthu ammudzi, komanso kukulitsa mwayi wopeza ntchito.
M'machitidwe, mizinda ndi mayiko ambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira zogwirira ntchito m'madera osiyanasiyana, monga apolisi ammudzi, chilungamo chobwezeretsa zinthu, zochitika za achinyamata, ndi mapulogalamu ophunzitsa. Njirazi cholinga chake ndi kukonza ubale wa anthu, kuwonjezera kudzimva kuti ndife amodzi, komanso kumanga chidaliro m'mabungwe. Kuphatikiza apo, chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa anthu chimagogomezeranso kufunika kwa kuvomerezeka mwalamulo: kulamulira kovomerezeka bwino kumafuna chilungamo cha njira zoyendetsera ntchito kuti chilimbikitse mgwirizano wa anthu ammudzi ndi kutsatira malamulo.
Kudzudzula ndi Zolepheretsa
Ngakhale kuti mfundo yokhudza ulamuliro wa anthu ili ndi mphamvu, mfundo yokhudza ulamuliro wa anthu siili yopanda otsutsa. Ena ofufuza amanena kuti nthawi zambiri imalimbikitsa kutsata malamulo popanda kuganizira mokwanira kuti miyambo ikhoza kukhala yopondereza kapena yosalungama. M'mikhalidwe ina, "kusatsatira malamulo" kungawoneke ngati njira yotsutsa anthu. Ena otsutsa amanena kuti kulamulira anthu kumakhala kosavuta kufotokoza umbanda wa m'misewu kuposa umbanda wa kuntchito, womwe umachitidwa ndi anthu omwe ali ndi ubale wolimba ndi anthu, maphunziro apamwamba, komanso udindo wolemekezeka. Izi zikusonyeza kuti umbanda ukhozanso kuyendetsedwa ndi chikhalidwe cha bungwe, mwayi wopangidwa, komanso malingaliro abwino.
Kutseka
Kakhalidwe ka anthu pankhani ya umbanda kamatithandiza kuona umbanda ngati chinthu chokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimakhudzidwa ndi zinthu za munthu payekha, kapangidwe kake, ndi chikhalidwe, komanso mayankho a mabungwe. Pakadali pano, chiphunzitso cha ulamuliro wa anthu—makamaka lingaliro la Hirschi la mgwirizano wa anthu—limapereka lingaliro lakuti chinsinsi chopewera sichili nthawi zonse pa chilango chokhwima, koma m'malo mwake pakulimbitsa kugwirizana, kudzipereka, kutenga nawo mbali, ndi kudalira miyambo ya anthu. Mu chikhalidwe chomwe chikusintha mwachangu, vuto lalikulu ndikukhazikitsa ulamuliro wolungama komanso wachifundo pakati pa anthu: wamphamvu mokwanira kuteteza, koma wovomerezeka komanso wophatikizana mokwanira kuti apewe kunyoza, kusakhulupirirana, komanso kuberekanso umbanda wokha. Mwa kuphatikiza kusanthula kwa anthu ndi mfundo zopewera, chikhalidwe cha anthu pankhani ya umbanda chimapereka maziko ofunikira popanga chitetezo komanso chilungamo pakati pa anthu.
