# Tanthauzo la Sociology Malinga ndi Akatswiri
Sociology ndi nthambi ya sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu yomwe imaphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu, makhalidwe a anthu, ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana zokhudzana ndi moyo wa anthu. Kupezeka kwa Sociology ngati gawo lofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse momwe anthu amachitira zinthu komanso momwe mapangidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu amakhudzira zochita za munthu aliyense. Akatswiri ali ndi malingaliro osiyanasiyana pakufotokozera za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Pansipa, tifufuza matanthauzo a chikhalidwe cha anthu malinga ndi akatswiri angapo otchuka.
## 1. Auguste Comte
Auguste Comte, wodziwika kuti "Bambo wa Sociology," ndiye anayambitsa mawu akuti sociology m'zaka za m'ma 19. Malinga ndi Comte, sociology ndi kuphunzira za anthu pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomweyo ya sayansi monga momwe sayansi yachilengedwe imachitira. Iye ankakhulupirira kuti anthu akukula kudzera m'magawo atatu: zaumulungu, zamaganizo, ndi zabwino. Ndi mu gawo labwino ili pomwe sayansi imachita gawo lalikulu pakumvetsetsa zochitika za anthu kudzera mu kuwona, kuyesa, ndi njira zina zasayansi.
## 2. Émile Durkheim
Émile Durkheim, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku France, anali m'modzi mwa anthu oyamba kumene pakukula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu monga maphunziro odziyimira pawokha. Malinga ndi Durkheim, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuphunzira mfundo za chikhalidwe cha anthu, zomwe ndi njira zoganizira, kumva, ndi machitidwe zomwe zimakhala kunja kwa munthu koma zili ndi mphamvu zazikulu zokakamiza. Durkheim adayambitsanso lingaliro la anomie, mkhalidwe womwe miyambo ya chikhalidwe cha anthu imakhala yosamveka bwino kapena yosakhalapo, yomwe nthawi zambiri imachitika panthawi ya kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu.
## 3. Max Weber
Max Weber, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Germany, adayambitsa njira yosiyana ya zachikhalidwe cha anthu. Weber ankaona kuti zachikhalidwe cha anthu ndi sayansi yomwe imayesa kumvetsetsa zochita za anthu potanthauzira matanthauzo omwe anthu amapereka ku zochita zawo. Weber adayang'ana kwambiri momwe zochita za munthu aliyense zimakhudzidwira ndi makhalidwe ndi kapangidwe ka zachuma. Chopereka chachikulu cha Weber chinali chiphunzitso chake cha ubale pakati pa capitalism ndi makhalidwe a Chiprotestanti.
## 4. Karl Marx
Karl Marx, ngakhale amadziwika kuti ndi katswiri wa zafilosofi komanso zachuma, anali ndi malingaliro amphamvu pa za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Malinga ndi Marx, chikhalidwe cha anthu chimaphunzira za ubale wa anthu womwe umachokera ku njira zopangira zinthu mkati mwa anthu. Marx ankaona kuti mikangano ya magulu a anthu ndiyo chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimayambitsa kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Anagogomezera kuti kapangidwe ka zachuma ka anthu kamadalira kwambiri kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndale, ndi malingaliro awo.
## 5. Georg Simmel
Georg Simmel, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu waku Germany, adapereka zopereka zofunika kwambiri pakuwunika pang'ono kwa kuyanjana kwa anthu. Malinga ndi Simmel, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuphunzira mitundu ya anthu, kapena machitidwe a kuyanjana omwe amabuka m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Adafufuza mitu monga mikangano, ulamuliro, ndi mtunda wa anthu, komanso momwe zimakhudzira momwe anthu amakhalira.
## 6. Talcott Parsons
Talcott Parsons, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu waku America, adapanga chiphunzitso champhamvu cha structural functionalist. Malinga ndi Parsons, sociology ndi kuphunzira za machitidwe a anthu ndi machitidwe awo ang'onoang'ono komanso momwe amakwaniritsira mgwirizano kudzera munjira zosinthira, kukwaniritsa zolinga, kuphatikizana, ndi kasamalidwe ka nkhawa. Parsons ankaona anthu ngati dongosolo lopangidwa ndi magawo ogwirizana omwe amagwira ntchito limodzi kuti asunge bata ndi bata.
## 7. Pierre Bourdieu
Pierre Bourdieu, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku France, adapereka thandizo lalikulu pakumvetsetsa momwe anthu amakhalira ndi moyo wawo kudzera m'malingaliro monga kakhalidwe, ndalama za anthu, ndi malo awo. Malinga ndi Bourdieu, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuphunzira momwe mphamvu ndi mwayi wa anthu zimagawidwira ndikusungidwa m'gulu la anthu. Anagogomezera kuti zochita za anthu zimakhudzidwa ndi mbiri ya anthu komanso momwe anthu amakhalira.
## 8. Anthony Giddens
Anthony Giddens, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu waku Britain, amadziwika ndi chiphunzitso chake cha kapangidwe ka zinthu, chomwe chimayesa kuphatikiza bungwe ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu pomvetsetsa zochita za anthu. Malinga ndi Giddens, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuphunzira momwe mapangidwe a anthu ndi othandizira paokha amapangirana ndikukhudzirana wina ndi mnzake. Giddens adagogomezera kuti zochita za anthu sizingamvetsetsedwe kokha kudzera mu kusanthula kapangidwe ka anthu kapena zinthu za munthu payekha.
## 9. Robert K. Merton
Robert K. Merton, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu waku America, adapereka zopereka zofunika kwambiri pa chiphunzitso cha ntchito ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito. Malinga ndi Merton, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuphunzira za ntchito za anthu ndi kusagwira bwino ntchito komanso momwe zochitika zosiyanasiyana za anthu zimagwirira ntchito kuti zisunge kapena kusokoneza mgwirizano wa anthu. Anayambitsanso malingaliro a ntchito yodziwika bwino (ntchito yoyembekezeredwa) ndi ntchito yobisika (ntchito yosayembekezeredwa).
## 10. Herbert Spencer
Herbert Spencer, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu wa ku Britain, anagwiritsa ntchito mafanizo a zamoyo popanga malingaliro ake okhudza chikhalidwe cha anthu. Malinga ndi Spencer, chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi kuphunzira za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, komwe amakuona ngati zinthu zomwe zikukula kuchokera ku mitundu yosavuta mpaka yovuta. Spencer ankakhulupirira kuti mfundo za Darwin, monga kusankha zachilengedwe ndi kupulumuka kwa zamoyo, zimagwiranso ntchito pa chitukuko cha chikhalidwe cha anthu.
## Mapeto
Monga sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe cha anthu chimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakumvetsetsa ndi kusanthula machitidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, kapangidwe ka anthu, ndi kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu mkati mwa anthu. Matanthauzidwe osiyanasiyana ndi malingaliro omwe akatswiri amapereka akuwonetsa kuti chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi gawo lovuta kwambiri komanso lokhala ndi mbali zambiri. Katswiri aliyense amabweretsa njira yapadera yomwe imathandizira kumvetsetsa kwathu zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mwa kumvetsetsa malingaliro a akatswiri osiyanasiyana a chikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kupeza chidziwitso chozama komanso chakuya cha momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito komanso momwe magulu amasinthira pakapita nthawi.
M'zochita, chikhalidwe cha anthu chikupitiriza kukula ndikusintha malinga ndi nthawi yosintha. Kafukufuku watsopano ndi malingaliro atsopano amatuluka nthawi zonse, zomwe zimapereka malingaliro atsopano komanso ofunikira pazochitika za anthu. Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe cha anthu si chida chofunikira kwa akatswiri ndi ofufuza okha, komanso kwa opanga mfundo, mabungwe ammudzi, ndi anthu omwe akufuna kumvetsetsa ndi kuthana ndi mavuto a anthu omwe akuwazungulira.
