Njira Zofufuzira mu Chikhalidwe Chachikhalidwe
Sociology, monga sayansi yomwe imaphunzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kuyanjana kwa anthu, komanso chitukuko cha mapangidwe a chikhalidwe cha anthu, ili ndi njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira. Njira imodzi yayikulu mu sociology ndi njira zowunikira. Njira zofufuzira za khalidwe mu sociology cholinga chake ndi kumvetsetsa zochitika za chikhalidwe cha anthu kuchokera pamalingaliro a ophunzira, kutsindika zovuta, kuzama, ndi momwe anthu amakhudzira zomwe akumana nazo. Nkhaniyi ikambirana njira zosiyanasiyana zofufuzira za khalidwe zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu sociology, kuphatikiza kuwona ophunzira, kuyankhulana mozama, kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu, kusanthula nkhani, ndi maphunziro a milandu.
Kuyang'anitsitsa Ophunzira
Kuyang'anitsitsa ophunzira ndi njira imodzi yakale kwambiri komanso yofunika kwambiri yofufuzira za chikhalidwe cha anthu. Mu njira iyi, ofufuza amachita nawo zochitika za tsiku ndi tsiku za anthu omwe akuphunziridwa. Njira iyi imalola ofufuza kuwona mwachindunji moyo wa gulu la anthu omwe akuphunziridwa, kumvetsetsa kuyanjana ndi machitidwe m'njira yachilengedwe.
Cholinga chachikulu cha kuyang'anira ophunzira ndikupeza chidziwitso chakuya komanso chokwanira pa nkhani yofufuza. Ofufuza nthawi zambiri amalemba zomwe awona munjira ya zolemba za m'munda, zomwe kenako zimasanthulidwa kuti adziwe njira ndi mitu yofunika kwambiri. Chimodzi mwa zovuta za njira iyi ndikusunga mgwirizano pakati pa kutenga nawo mbali kwa ophunzira ndi kusayang'ana mozama kwa ofufuza.
Kuyankhulana Mozama
Kuyankhulana mozama ndi njira ina yofunika kwambiri yofufuzira mozama yomwe imalola ofufuza kumvetsetsa bwino malingaliro, malingaliro, ndi zomwe akumana nazo. Kuyankhulana kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kokonzedwa pang'ono, ndipo ofufuza akupereka mafunso angapo otsogolera komanso kulola ophunzira kukambirana momasuka mitu yoyenera.
Ubwino waukulu wa kuyankhulana mozama ndi luso lawo lopeza mfundo zovuta komanso zakuya zomwe sizingatuluke mu kafukufuku kapena mafunso. Komabe, njira iyi imafunanso luso labwino lolankhulana komanso kuzindikira mavuto amalingaliro kapena aumwini omwe angabuke panthawi yoyankhulana.
Kafukufuku wa Ethnographic
Kafukufuku wa mafuko ndi njira yokulirapo komanso yozama kwambiri yowunikira zinthu, momwe ofufuza amathera nthawi yayitali ndi gulu linalake kapena dera kuti amvetsetse bwino chikhalidwe chawo. Kafukufuku wa mafuko nthawi zambiri amaphatikizapo kuphatikiza njira monga kuyankhulana mozama, kuwona ophunzira, ndi kusanthula zikalata.
Kafukufuku wa mafuko nthawi zambiri amapereka mafotokozedwe ozama komanso atsatanetsatane a machitidwe a anthu, miyambo, maubwenzi, ndi mphamvu mkati mwa gulu lomwe likuphunziridwa. Chitsanzo chabwino kwambiri cha kafukufuku wa mafuko ndi kafukufuku wa Bronisław Malinowski wa anthu a ku Trobriand ku Papua New Guinea. Njira imeneyi imalola ofufuza kuti amve ndikumvetsetsa mfundo ndi machitidwe a moyo wovuta wa anthu, womwe nthawi zambiri umavuta kuukwaniritsa kudzera m'njira zina.
Kusanthula Nkhani
Kusanthula nkhani ndi njira yowunikira nkhani yomwe imayang'ana kwambiri nkhani kapena nkhani za munthu payekha. Njirayi imazindikira kuti nkhani ndi njira yayikulu yomwe anthu amamvetsetsa ndikupatsa tanthauzo ku zomwe akumana nazo. Pakusanthula nkhani, ofufuza amasonkhanitsa nkhani zomwe ophunzirawo adafotokoza kenako n’kusanthula kapangidwe kake, mitu yake, ndi matanthauzo ake.
Njira iyi ndi yothandiza kwambiri kumvetsetsa momwe anthu amafotokozera umunthu wawo, kuthana ndi mavuto, komanso kuona kusintha kwa miyoyo yawo. Kusanthula nkhani nthawi zambiri kumagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza zokhudzana ndi umunthu wawo, zoopsa, kusamuka, ndi matenda. Vuto limodzi la njira iyi ndilakuti nkhani zimatha kukhala zongoganizira za munthu payekha komanso kudalira kutanthauzira kwa ophunzira, zomwe zimafuna njira yowunikira mosamala komanso yosamala.
Studi Kasus
Kafukufuku wa chitsanzo ndi njira yofufuzira yogwiritsira ntchito kafukufuku wozama komanso wozama pa nkhani imodzi kapena zingapo mkati mwa nkhani yeniyeni. Nkhanizi zitha kukhala anthu paokha, magulu, mabungwe, kapena zochitika zinazake. Njirayi imalola ofufuza kujambula zovuta za chochitika mkati mwa nkhani inayake.
Mu kafukufuku wa zitsanzo, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito magwero angapo a deta, kuphatikizapo kuyankhulana, kuwona, ndi zikalata. Njira iyi imalola ofufuza kupeza chidziwitso chakuya komanso chokwanira ndikumvetsetsa momwe nkhaniyi ikuphunziridwira. Vuto limodzi la njira iyi ndilakuti kuyika zotsatira za kafukufuku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta chifukwa chakuti imayang'ana kwambiri nkhani.
Kuzungulira katatu
Kubwerezabwereza ndi njira yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri mu kafukufuku wokhudza umunthu kuti zitsimikizire kuti deta ndi yolondola komanso yodalirika. Pachifukwa ichi, kubwerezabwereza kumatanthauza kugwiritsa ntchito njira zingapo kapena magwero a deta kuti muwone ngati zotsatira za kafukufukuyo zili zofanana.
Mwachitsanzo, ofufuza angagwiritse ntchito kuphatikiza mafunso ozama, kuwona ophunzira, ndi zikalata zolembedwa kuti apeze chithunzi chokwanira komanso cholondola cha chochitika chomwe chikuphunziridwa. Kuyika katatu kumathandiza kuchepetsa tsankho ndipo kumalola ofufuza kuwunika zambiri, motero kuwonjezera kudalirika kwa zotsatira za kafukufuku.
Kusanthula kwa Ma Code ndi Mutu
Kulemba ma code ndi njira yowunikira deta yolondola momwe deta imagawidwa m'magawo ang'onoang'ono ndikuyika ma code kutengera mitu kapena magulu enaake. Kulemba kumeneku kungachitike pamanja kapena pogwiritsa ntchito mapulogalamu owunikira deta yolondola monga NVivo kapena Atlas.ti.
Kusanthula mitu ndi gawo lotsatira lomwe ofufuza amafufuza mitundu kapena mitu yomwe imachokera ku deta yomwe yalembedwa. Mwa kuzindikira mitu iyi, ofufuza amatha kupeza matanthauzidwe ambiri ndi ziganizo zokhudzana ndi chochitika chomwe chikuphunziridwa.
Reflexivity
Kusinthasintha maganizo mu kafukufuku wa qualitative kumatanthauza kuzindikira kwa ofufuza ndi kuganizira mozama momwe malingaliro awo ndi malingaliro awo angakhudzire njira yofufuzira. Kusinthasintha maganizo ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la njira zofufuzira qualitative chifukwa ofufuza sachita zinthu mopanda tsankho kapena mosalowerera ndale.
Mwa kuchita zinthu zoganizira bwino, ofufuza nthawi zambiri amalemba ma memo kapena magazini oganizira bwino kuti alembe maganizo awo, momwe akumvera, ndi momwe amachitira panthawi yonse yofufuza. Kuchita zimenezi kumathandiza ofufuza kuti azidzidziwa bwino komanso kuthana ndi tsankho lomwe lingakhalepo.
Mapeto
Njira zofufuzira za khalidwe mu chikhalidwe cha anthu zimapereka njira zosiyanasiyana zomvetsetsa ndi kufufuza zochitika za anthu mozama komanso m'nkhani. Kuyambira pakuwona ophunzira mpaka kusanthula nkhani, njira iliyonse ili ndi mphamvu ndi zofooka zapadera. Kugwiritsa ntchito njira zitatu, kulemba ma code, ndi kusinkhasinkha kungathandize kulimbitsa kutsimikizika ndi kudalirika kwa zotsatira za kafukufuku. Kudzera mu njira izi, ofufuza amatha kupereka chidziwitso chochuluka ndi chidziwitso cha machitidwe ovuta a chikhalidwe cha anthu, omwe njira zowerengera zokha sizingathe. Chifukwa chake, njira zofufuzira za khalidwe zimakhalabe zida zofunika kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti amvetsetse zenizeni zosiyanasiyana komanso zamphamvu za chikhalidwe cha anthu.
