Kutsutsa Chiphunzitso cha Functionalism mu Sociology
Chiphunzitso cha Functionalism chakhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa maphunziro a sociology, makamaka pomvetsetsa kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi ntchito za zinthu mkati mwa anthu. Lingaliroli limagwirizanitsidwa kwambiri ndi anthu monga Émile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, ndi Robert K. Merton. Chiphunzitsochi chikugogomezera kuti chinthu chilichonse m'gulu la anthu chili ndi ntchito yakeyake yomwe imathandizira kukhazikika ndi kupitiriza kwa anthu monga dongosolo logwirizana. Ngakhale kuti chapereka chidziwitso chofunikira, functionalism yakumananso ndi kutsutsidwa kwakukulu. Nkhaniyi ifufuza mozama kutsutsa kwa chiphunzitsochi.
1. Kutsimikiza kwa kapangidwe ka zinthu
Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu za functionalism ndi chizolowezi chake chofuna kukhala ndi deterministic. Functionalism nthawi zambiri imanena kuti mapangidwe a anthu ndi omwe amatsogolera khalidwe la munthu aliyense. M'malingaliro awa, anthu amaonedwa ngati "osachitapo kanthu" omwe amatsatira miyezo ndi malamulo omwe amalamulidwa ndi mapangidwe a anthu. Kutsutsa kumeneku kumagogomezera kuti njira iyi imanyalanyaza ufulu ndi ufulu wa anthu kuti achite nawo gawo lofunika popanga, kusintha, kapena kukana mapangidwe awa.
2. Kunyalanyaza Mikangano ya Anthu
Kutsutsa kwachiwiri ndikuti kuchita zinthu motsatira malamulo kumanyalanyaza mikangano mkati mwa anthu. Chiphunzitsochi nthawi zambiri chimaonedwa kuti ndi chiyembekezo kwambiri ndipo chimayang'ana kwambiri pa bata, dongosolo, ndi mgwirizano. Karl Marx ndi akatswiri ena a za mikangano adagogomezera kuti anthu si chinthu chogwirizana mwachibadwa, koma ndi malo okangana pakati pa magulu osiyanasiyana omwe ali ndi zokonda zosiyana. Kutsutsa kumeneku kumati pogogomezera kwambiri kulinganiza ndi kuphatikizana, kuchita zinthu motsatira malamulo sikuzindikira udindo wofunikira wa mikangano ya anthu ndi kusalingana ngati zinthu zofunika kwambiri pa kayendetsedwe ka anthu.
3. Zakale
Kugwira ntchito nthawi zambiri kumatsutsidwa chifukwa cha zizolowezi zake zosachokera ku mbiri yakale, kunyalanyaza mbiri ndi kusintha. Chiphunzitsochi chimakonda kuona anthu ali "m'mene alili panopa" ndipo chimayang'ana momwe zinthu zomwe zilipo pano zimakwaniritsira ntchito zawo mkati mwa dongosolo la anthu lomwe lilipo. Kutsutsa kumeneku kumati kugwirira ntchito sikukwanira pofotokoza kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi chitukuko cha mbiri yakale. Kusintha kumaonedwa ngati chinthu chosazolowereka kapena kusagwira ntchito komwe nthawi zambiri kumalandira chisamaliro chokwanira mu kusanthula kwa ntchito.
4. Teleology
Kutsutsa kwina ndi chizolowezi cha functionalism kukhala cha teleological, kutanthauza kuti pali cholinga kapena njira inayake yomwe anthu ayenera kutsatira. Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imatsutsidwa chifukwa chowonetsa cholinga kapena ntchito ya zinthu zachikhalidwe ngati kuti zidapangidwira cholinga china, popanda kuganizira njira zovuta komanso zochitika zakale zomwe zimapangitsa zinthuzo kukhala zenizeni.
5. Ndondomeko ya Momwe Zinthu Zilili
Kugwira ntchito nthawi zambiri kumatsutsidwa chifukwa chothandizira momwe zinthu zilili panopa. N’chifukwa chiyani zili choncho? Pogogomezera bata ndi dongosolo, chiphunzitsochi chikhoza kuonedwa ngati chifukwa chothandizira machitidwe omwe alipo pagulu, kuphatikizapo kusalungama ndi kusalingana komwe kulipo mkati mwa anthu. Njira imeneyi, mosadziwa, ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kuthandizira machitidwe omwe amapondereza kapena kugwiritsira ntchito magulu ena, chifukwa amaonedwa kuti ndi zinthu "zogwira ntchito" pakukhala bwino kwa anthu onse.
6. Zofooka mu Kusanthula Kapangidwe ka Kapangidwe
Kugwira ntchito kwakhala kukutsutsidwanso chifukwa cholephera kufotokoza momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana zimagwirira ntchito. Ngakhale kuti mfundo zake monga ntchito zodziwika bwino komanso zobisika (Merton's), kugwira ntchito nthawi zambiri kumavutika kufotokoza momwe zinthu zosiyanasiyana, monga zachuma, ndale, ndi chikhalidwe, zimakhudzirana. Izi zimapangitsa kuti pakhale kufooka kwakukulu pofotokoza ubale wovuta pakati pa zinthu zachikhalidwe.
7. Kulephera Kusamalira Kusiyanasiyana kwa Chikhalidwe
Pokambirana za kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi ndi kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe, kuchita zinthu nthawi zambiri kumakhala ndi zolepheretsa kumvetsetsa kusiyanasiyana kwa chikhalidwe ndi momwe zikhalidwezi zimagwirizanirana. Kuyang'ana kwake pa ntchito zapadziko lonse lapansi za zinthu zachikhalidwe kungakhale kosayenera kapena kosavuta kwambiri ngati kumagwiritsidwa ntchito m'magulu osiyanasiyana komanso osinthasintha. Kutsutsa kumeneku kukugogomezera kufunikira kwa chiphunzitso chomwe chimasinthasintha komanso chosinthika ku kusiyanasiyana ndi kusintha.
8. Kusaganizira za kugonjera
Kugwira ntchito nthawi zambiri kumaimbidwa mlandu wonyalanyaza zomwe anthu amaika pa zochita zawo komanso momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito. Njira imeneyi imayang'ana kwambiri ntchito zenizeni zomwe zingaonekere ndikuyesedwa, m'malo momvetsetsa malingaliro a munthu payekha. Kuyang'ana mozama momwe anthu amaperekera tanthauzo ku dziko lawo la chikhalidwe nthawi zambiri kumanyalanyazidwa, komabe ichi ndi chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pakumvetsetsa momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito.
9. Chiphunzitso cha Magwiridwe Antchito M'nkhani Yamakono
M'nkhani yamakono, kutsutsa za magwiridwe antchito kwakhala kofunikira kwambiri. Dziko losintha mofulumira, kupita patsogolo kwaukadaulo, ndi kufalikira kwa dziko lonse lapansi kumafuna kumvetsetsa kwamphamvu komanso kogwirizana kwa momwe mapangidwe a anthu amagwirira ntchito. Magwiridwe antchito, okhala ndi zizolowezi zake zosasinthasintha komanso zokhazikika, nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi osakwanira kuti amvetse momwe zinthu zilili. Maphunziro amakono akugwiritsa ntchito njira zosiyanasiyana komanso zovuta kumvetsetsa magulu a anthu omwe akusintha.
Ngakhale kuti kutsutsa kumeneku kukuwonetsa zofooka za chiphunzitso cha functionalist, ndikofunikiranso kuzindikira zomwe chimapereka ku sociology. Functionalism yapereka njira yomvetsetsa momwe zinthu mkati mwa anthu zimagwirizanirana ndikugwirira ntchito limodzi kuti zikhale bwino komanso zokhazikika. Komabe, poganizira kutsutsa kumeneku, ndikofunikira kuwunika ndikupanga malingaliro ozama komanso osinthika kuti amvetsetse zenizeni zovuta komanso zosinthika za anthu.
Poyankha kutsutsa kumeneku, akatswiri azachikhalidwe cha anthu amatha kufufuza kuphatikiza kwa malingaliro osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo chiphunzitso cha mikangano, symbolic interactionism, ndi post-structuralism, kuti amvetsetse bwino momwe zinthu zilili komanso momwe zimakhalira. Kutsimikizira kumeneku kudzatithandiza kumvetsetsa bwino za chikhalidwe cha anthu, kutithandiza kuyankha mavuto atsopano omwe akupitilirabe.
