Lingaliro la Mgwirizano wa Anthu mu Chiphunzitso cha Durkheim
Émile Durkheim anali munthu wofunika kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu akale, yemwe adakambirana kwambiri momwe magulu a anthu "angakhalire amodzi" ndikupulumuka ngakhale kuti ali ndi anthu osiyanasiyana. Limodzi mwa malingaliro ake akuluakulu ndi mgwirizano wa anthu, mphamvu ya makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe yomwe imagwirizanitsa anthu ammudzi, kuwapangitsa kumva ngati gawo la chinthu chimodzi. Kudzera mu lingaliro la mgwirizano wa anthu, Durkheim adafotokoza kuti dongosolo la anthu silimangochitika chifukwa cha mgwirizano wabwino pakati pa anthu, koma limachokera ku kapangidwe ka anthu, mfundo zomwe zimagawidwa, komanso kugawa ntchito komwe kumaumba momwe anthu amaganizira ndi kuchita.
Mgwirizano wa Anthu: Guluu wa Anthu
Kwa Durkheim, anthu ndi ochulukirapo kuposa gulu la anthu. Iye ankaona anthu ngati zenizeni zokhala ndi "moyo" wawo, wokhala ndi miyambo ndi malamulo omwe amakakamiza ndi kutsogolera anthu. Kugwirizana pakati pa anthu ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse momwe miyambo ndi makhalidwe abwino angagwiritsidwire ntchito kuti anthu azitsatira osati chifukwa choopa chilango chokha, komanso chifukwa akuona kuti ndi koyenera komanso koyenera. Mu dongosololi, mgwirizano si kungomva chisoni, koma ndi mtundu wa mgwirizano pakati pa anthu womwe umasunga bata pakati pa anthu.
Durkheim adakambirana mwadongosolo za mgwirizano wa anthu m'ntchito yake, The Division of Labor in Society. Adawonetsa kuti mitundu ya mgwirizano imasintha ndi kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka anthu, makamaka pamene anthu akusintha kuchoka pa miyambo kupita ku machitidwe amakono.
Mitundu Iwiri ya Mgwirizano: Makina ndi Zachilengedwe
Durkheim anasiyanitsa mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya mgwirizano wa anthu: mgwirizano wamakina ndi mgwirizano wachilengedwe. Zonsezi zimapanga dongosolo la anthu, koma zimagwira ntchito m'njira zosiyanasiyana.
1. Mgwirizano wa Makina
Mgwirizano wa makina nthawi zambiri umapezeka m'madera achikhalidwe kapena osavuta, omwe amadziwika ndi kugawanika kochepa kwa ntchito komanso moyo wofanana. M'madera awa, anthu amakonda kugwira ntchito zofanana, zikhulupiriro, ndi makhalidwe abwino. Chifukwa cha kufanana kumeneku, malingaliro amphamvu a gulu amaonekera: anthu amamva kuti akugwirizana ndi gululo chifukwa ndi "amtundu umodzi" ndipo amagawana moyo wofanana.
Chikhalidwe chachikulu cha mgwirizano wa makina ndi kulamulira kwa chikumbumtima cha gulu lonse—gulu la zikhulupiriro, makhalidwe, ndi malingaliro omwe amagawana anthu onse ndipo ndi chitsogozo chachikulu cha makhalidwe abwino. Chikumbumtima cha gulu lonse ndi champhamvu komanso chotakata, chomwe chimasiya malo ochepa oti anthu asiyane. Zopatuka ku zomwe zimachitika nthawi zonse zimaonedwa ngati zoopsa ku mgwirizano wa anthu.
Pankhani ya mgwirizano wa makina, lamulo lalikulu ndi lamulo lopondereza. Lamuloli silimangofuna kusintha kokha, komanso kulanga mwamphamvu zophwanya malamulo zomwe zimaonedwa kuti zimawononga makhalidwe abwino a anthu onse. Chilango chimagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro chobwezeretsa ulemu wa anthu ammudzi ndikutsimikiziranso mfundo zofanana.
Chitsanzo chosavuta chikuwoneka m'dera lomwe lili ndi anthu ofanana, monga mudzi wachikhalidwe wokhala ndi miyambo yolimba. Kuphwanya miyambo sikuti kumaonedwa ngati kovulaza munthu wina, komanso kumasokoneza mgwirizano wa dera lonse.
2. Mgwirizano wa Zachilengedwe
Pamene magulu a anthu anayamba kukhala ovuta—odziwika ndi kukula kwa mizinda, mafakitale, ndi kusiyana kwa ntchito—mgwirizano wa organic unayamba. Durkheim anagwiritsa ntchito mawu akuti “organic” chifukwa anthu amakono amafanizidwa ndi chamoyo: ziwalo zake zimagwira ntchito mosiyana koma zimadalirana. M'madera amakono, anthu samangidwanso makamaka ndi kufanana koma ndi kudalirana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugawikana kwa ntchito.
Mu mgwirizano wachilengedwe, anthu ali ndi ntchito zosiyanasiyana, maudindo, ndi moyo wosiyanasiyana. Komabe, chifukwa cha kusiyana kumeneku, amafunika wina ndi mnzake: alimi amapanga chakudya, ogwira ntchito m'mafakitale amapanga zinthu, aphunzitsi amaphunzitsa, ogwira ntchito zachipatala amasamalira, ndi zina zotero. Dongosolo la chikhalidwe cha anthu limachokera ku mgwirizano wa maubwenzi ogwira ntchito limodzi.
Mosiyana ndi mgwirizano wamakina, mu mgwirizano wachilengedwe, chidziwitso cha gulu sichimatha, koma chimakhala chofooka komanso cholunjika. Malo oti munthu akhale payekha amawonjezeka. Kudziwika kwa munthu payekha komanso ufulu wa munthu payekha zimakula, pomwe miyambo yogawana nthawi zambiri imakhala yosamveka bwino, monga mfundo za chilungamo, ufulu, ndi ukatswiri.
Mtundu waukulu wa lamulo mu mgwirizano wachilengedwe ndi lamulo lobwezera. Limayang'ana kwambiri osati chilango chokhwima chifukwa cha makhalidwe abwino a anthu onse, koma kubwezeretsa ubale wosokonezeka, kubwezeretsa zinthu mwachizolowezi, ndi kukakamiza mapangano kapena malamulo a mabungwe. Mwachitsanzo, mikangano yamalonda imathetsedwa kudzera mu njira za malamulo aboma, kuyimira pakati, kapena kulipira.
Udindo wa Gawo la Ntchito Pakupanga Mgwirizano
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Durkheim adapereka chinali mfundo yake yakuti kugawa ntchito si nkhani ya zachuma chabe, komanso mfundo ya makhalidwe abwino ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu. Kugawa ntchito kumasintha momwe anthu amakhalira, momwe amagwirira ntchito, komanso momwe amaonera okha. M'chikhalidwe cha masiku ano, kugawa ntchito kumapanga mtundu watsopano wa mgwirizano: anthu amamangiriridwa pamodzi ndi ntchito zawo zapadera koma zodalirana.
Komabe, Durkheim anagogomezeranso kuti kugawa ntchito sikubweretsa mgwirizano wokha. Ngati kugawa ntchito kukukula popanda malamulo oyenera a makhalidwe abwino, anthu akhoza kusokonezeka chifukwa cha mgwirizano wa anthu. Ichi ndichifukwa chake Durkheim anayang'ana kwambiri pa zinthu zomwe zingawononge mgwirizano.
Anomie ndi Matenda a Mgwirizano
Durkheim anayambitsa lingaliro la anomie, mkhalidwe wa "kusakhazikika" kapena kufooka kwa malamulo a anthu. Anomie ingabuke pamene kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kumachitika mofulumira kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti malamulo akale ataye mphamvu zawo pomwe atsopano sanakhazikitsidwe. Mu mkhalidwe wa anomie, anthu amamva kuti akutaya ulamuliro; cholinga chawo m'moyo chimasokonekera; maubwenzi a anthu amafooka; ndipo mikangano imakula.
Malinga ndi maganizo a Durkheim, anomie ndi imodzi mwa "matenda" a masiku ano. Kugawa ntchito kungakhale kosathandiza ngati:
1. Palibe malamulo okwanira a makhalidwe abwino otsogolera ubale pakati pa maudindo a anthu.
2. Kusalingana kumapangitsa anthu ena kumva kuti sakusangalala ndi zipatso za ntchito yawo kapena alibe mwayi wokwanira.
3. Kugwirizana kwa anthu ndi kofooka, kotero kuti mabungwe sangathe kuthetsa mikangano ndikutsatira malamulo mwachilungamo.
Durkheim ankakhulupirira kuti anthu amafunika mabungwe ndi miyambo yomwe ingagwirizanitse ufulu wa munthu aliyense ndi dongosolo la anthu. Popanda iwo, mgwirizano wachilengedwe sungakhale wosakhazikika.
Chidziwitso Chogwirizana: Chilipobe mu Anthu Amakono
Ngakhale kuti anthu amakono akugogomezera za umunthu wa munthu payekha, Durkheim sananene kuti chidziwitso cha anthu onse chatha. Changosintha mawonekedwe. M'chikhalidwe cha masiku ano, chidziwitso cha anthu onse chikhoza kupezeka kudzera mu zizindikiro ndi mabungwe monga malamulo, maphunziro, unzika, ndi mfundo zofanana zokhudza ulemu wa anthu. Mwa kuyankhula kwina, mgwirizano wamakono sulinso pa kufanana kwachikhalidwe, koma pa mgwirizano waukulu komanso wosamveka bwino wamakhalidwe abwino.
Mu mabuku ena, Durkheim adawonetsanso kuti anthu amafuna miyambo ndi zizindikiro zofanana kuti alimbikitse mgwirizano. Izi zikutanthauza kuti mgwirizano wa anthu umafuna "nthawi zogwirira ntchito limodzi" zomwe zimapangitsa anthu kumva kuti ndi mbali ya chinthu chachikulu.
Kufunika kwa Lingaliro la Durkheim la Mgwirizano Masiku Ano
Lingaliro la Durkheim la mgwirizano wa anthu lidakali lofunika kwambiri pomvetsetsa chikhalidwe cha anthu chamakono. Kumbali imodzi, magulu amakono akuchulukirachulukira kukhala osiyanasiyana, ovuta, komanso ogwirizana padziko lonse lapansi—makhalidwe omwe amalimbitsa mgwirizano wachilengedwe kudzera mu kudalirana kwachuma ndi ukadaulo. Komabe, kumbali ina, kusintha mwachangu, kusalingana, ndi kugawikana kwa anthu kungayambitse zizindikiro za anomie: kusagwirizana komwe kukukulirakulira, mavuto a kudalirana, komanso kufooketsa maubwenzi a anthu.
Kudzera mu malingaliro a Durkheim, funso lofunika kwambiri limabuka: kodi mabungwe azachikhalidwe (boma, maphunziro, madera, mabungwe aukadaulo) angasunge bwanji mgwirizano pakati pa kusiyanasiyana? Yankho silili kokha pakukula kwachuma, komanso pakukhazikitsa miyezo yolungama, njira zodalirika zowongolera chikhalidwe, ndi malo okumana omwe amalimbikitsa kumvana.
Kutseka
Durkheim ankamvetsa mgwirizano wa anthu ngati maziko ofunikira kuti anthu azikhala ndi moyo. Iye anasiyanitsa pakati pa mgwirizano wa makina, womwe umadalira kufanana ndi chidziwitso champhamvu cha gulu, ndi mgwirizano wachilengedwe, womwe umachokera ku kusiyana kwa maudindo ndi kudalirana komwe kumachitika chifukwa cha kugawa ntchito. Kusintha kwa anthu amakono kunabweretsa mwayi wopanga mgwirizano watsopano, komanso chiopsezo cha anomie ngati malamulo amakhalidwe abwino ndi mabungwe a anthu sagwira ntchito.
Motero, chiphunzitso cha Durkheim chikutikumbutsa kuti chikhalidwe chokhazikika sichimangokhazikika ndi zofuna za munthu payekha, koma ndi mgwirizano wa makhalidwe abwino, miyambo, ndi maubwenzi omwe amamanga anthu pamodzi—kaya kudzera muzokonda zofanana kapena zosowa za onse. Mgwirizano wa anthu, m'lingaliro la Durkheim, ndi mphamvu ya makhalidwe abwino yomwe imasunga chikhalidwe cha anthu pakati pa kusintha.
