Lingaliro la Magulu Oyamba ndi Achiwiri mu Chiphunzitso cha Anthu
Mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, anthu amamvetsedwa ngati anthu omwe amapanga ubale, kugwirizana, ndikumanga moyo wogawana kudzera m'magulu osiyanasiyana. Kukhala membala m'gulu sikungokhudza "kusonkhana," komanso kumagwirizana ndi njira yopangira umunthu, makhalidwe, machitidwe, ndi momwe anthu amatanthauzira okha komanso ena. Lingaliro limodzi lofunika kwambiri lomwe limagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri kumvetsetsa momwe maubwenzi amakhalira ndi anthu ndi kusiyana pakati pa magulu oyambira ndi achiwiri. Lingaliroli ndi lofunika chifukwa limathandiza kufotokoza chifukwa chake maubwenzi mkati mwa banja amamveka mosiyana ndi maubwenzi kuntchito, kapena chifukwa chake maubwenzi apamtima amakhala okhudzidwa kwambiri kuposa maubwenzi ovomerezeka mkati mwa bungwe.
Chiyambi cha Lingaliro: Malingaliro a Charles Horton Cooley
Kusiyana pakati pa magulu oyambira ndi achiwiri nthawi zambiri kumagwirizanitsidwa ndi maganizo a Charles Horton Cooley, katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu yemwe adagogomezera kufunika koyanjana ndi anthu pakupanga umunthu. Cooley adawona kuti magulu ena ali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pakukula kwa munthu kuyambira ali mwana. Magulu awa amadziwika ndi kuyandikana, kuyanjana kwambiri, ndi mgwirizano wamaganizo—omwe amadziwika kuti magulu oyambira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, pali magulu omwe amapangidwa pazifukwa zinazake zomwe ndi zovomerezeka, zakanthawi, komanso zogwira ntchito—zomwe nthawi zambiri zimatchedwa magulu achiwiri.
Ngakhale m'moyo weniweni malire pakati pa awiriwa amatha kusokonekera, kusiyana kumeneku kumakhalabe kofunikira pofufuza momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito, njira zolankhulirana, komanso momwe mabungwe a anthu amagwirira ntchito.
Kumvetsetsa Magulu Oyambirira
Gulu loyamba ndi gulu la anthu lomwe ubale wawo pakati pa mamembala ndi wapamtima, waumwini, wozama, komanso wokhalitsa. Kuyanjana m'magulu oyamba nthawi zambiri kumakhala koyang'anizana maso ndi maso, kobwerezabwereza, ndipo kumakhudza kukondana kwamaganizo. M'magulu oyamba, anthu samangoonedwa ngati "ntchito" chabe, koma ngati anthu athunthu omwe ali ndi malingaliro, mbiri ya ubale, komanso ubale wapafupi.
Makhalidwe akuluakulu a magulu oyambira ndi awa:
1. Ubale wapamtima ndi waumwini
Mamembala amadziwana bwino kwambiri, kuphatikizapo khalidwe la wina ndi mnzake, zizolowezi zake, ndi mbiri yake.
2. Kulankhulana mwamphamvu komanso mosalekeza
Misonkhano ndi kulankhulana zimachitika kawirikawiri, osati pazochitika zina zokha.
3. Ubale wolimba wamaganizo
Pali lingaliro la kukhala m'gulu, chisamaliro, chifundo, ndi kukhulupirika.
4. Malamulo ndi mfundo zimamangidwa mkati
Malamulo nthawi zambiri salembedwa, amapangidwa kudzera mu miyambo ndi miyambo yosintha chikhalidwe cha anthu.
5. Umembala umakhala wokhazikika
Mamembala sachoka mosavuta kapena kubwera ndi kupita; nthawi zambiri ubale umakhala nthawi yayitali.
Zitsanzo za Magulu Oyamba
– Banja (makolo, abale ndi alongo)
- Gulu la mabwenzi apamtima
- Anthu ang'onoang'ono okhala m'dera logwirizana kwambiri
- Magulu osewerera ali ana
Mu magulu oyambira, munthu amaphunzira zinthu zambiri zofunika: chilankhulo, momwe angafotokozere malingaliro, makhalidwe abwino, komanso momwe angadziwonere. Pachifukwa ichi, magulu oyambira nthawi zambiri amatchedwa othandizira amphamvu kwambiri pakuyanjana ndi anthu.
Kumvetsetsa Magulu Achiwiri
Gulu lachiwiri ndi gulu la anthu lomwe maubwenzi awo pakati pa mamembala ndi ovomerezeka, osachita zinthu mopitirira muyeso, oganizira zolinga, komanso nthawi zambiri osakhalitsa. Kuyanjana pakati pa magulu achiwiri nthawi zambiri kumabwera chifukwa cha zosowa zinazake—monga ntchito, kuphunzira, kapena kukwaniritsa zolinga za bungwe. Kugwirizana m'maganizo si chinthu chachikulu; maudindo, ntchito, ndi malamulo ovomerezeka ndi ofunikira kwambiri.
Makhalidwe a magulu achiwiri ndi awa:
1. Ubale wovomerezeka komanso wopanda umunthu
Mamembala amalankhulana potengera maudindo (monga, wamkulu womvera, mphunzitsi-wophunzira), osati ubwenzi wapamtima.
2. Zolinga zenizeni komanso zogwira ntchito
Magulu amapangidwa kuti amalize ntchito kapena kukwaniritsa zolinga zinazake.
3. Kuyanjana kochepa komanso kokonzedwa bwino
Kulankhulana nthawi zambiri kumatsatira njira, makhalidwe abwino pantchito, ndi nthawi.
4. Malamulo olembedwa komanso a boma
Pali malamulo ovomerezeka, mapangano, miyezo yogwirira ntchito, ndi njira zovomerezeka zoperekera zilango.
5. Umembala ndi wosavuta kusintha
Anthu akhoza kuchoka chifukwa chakuti mgwirizano wawo watha, asintha ntchito, kapena asintha mabungwe.
Zitsanzo za Magulu Achiwiri
- Kampani kapena malo ogwirira ntchito
- Mabungwe a pasukulu/sukulu (OSIS, mabungwe a ophunzira)
- Zipani zandale
- Mgwirizano wa ogwira ntchito
- Magulu a polojekiti mkati mwa bungwe
Ngakhale kuti zingawoneke ngati "zozizira" poyerekeza ndi magulu oyambira, magulu achiwiri ndi ofunikira kwambiri m'chikhalidwe chamakono chifukwa amalola kuti pakhale mgwirizano wovuta komanso kugawa ntchito. Popanda magulu achiwiri, mabungwe monga boma, maphunziro apamwamba, ndi chuma chamakono sangagwire ntchito bwino.
Kusiyana Kwakukulu Pakati pa Magulu Oyamba ndi Achiwiri
Kusiyana pakati pa ziwirizi kungafotokozedwe mwachidule motere:
- Maziko a ubale: choyamba chimadalira pa ubwenzi wapamtima; chachiwiri chimadalira pa maudindo ndi zolinga.
- Mtundu wa kuyanjana: choyamba chimakhala chodziyimira pachokha, chapafupi, komanso chosinthasintha; chachiwiri chimakhala chovomerezeka komanso chokonzedwa bwino.
– Kutalika: gawo loyamba limakhala la nthawi yayitali; lachiwiri nthawi zambiri limakhala la kanthawi kochepa.
- Malamulo: yoyamba ili ndi malamulo ambiri osalembedwa; yachiwiri ili ndi malamulo ndi njira zolembedwa.
- Mphamvu pa umunthu: choyamba chimathandiza kwambiri pakupanga umunthu wa munthu woyambirira; chachiwiri chimakhudza kwambiri luso la anthu (monga makhalidwe abwino pantchito, kudziletsa pantchito).
Komabe, kusiyana kumeneku sikutanthauza kuti munthu ndi "wabwino." Zonsezi zimagwira ntchito zosiyanasiyana pagulu ndipo zimathandizana.
Ntchito za Magulu Oyambirira mu Moyo wa Anthu
Magulu oyambira ali ndi ntchito zingapo zazikulu:
1. Kuyanjana ndi anthu koyambira
Anthu amaphunzira makhalidwe abwino, miyambo, ndi umunthu kuyambira ali ana, makamaka kudzera m'banja.
2. Thandizo la maganizo
Pakakhala mavuto kapena mavuto, magulu akuluakulu nthawi zambiri amakhala gwero la chitonthozo ndi chitetezo.
3. Kupanga ulamuliro wosavomerezeka wa anthu
Kudzudzula, uphungu, kapena manyazi pamaso pa anthu omwe ali pafupi nanu kumakhala njira yolimba yowongolera khalidwe.
4. Kumanga mgwirizano ndi kumva kuti ndinu m'gulu la anthu ena
Magulu akuluakulu amalimbikitsa lingaliro la "ife," lomwe ndi lofunikira pakukhala bwino m'maganizo ndi pakuphatikizana kwa anthu.
Ntchito za Magulu Achiwiri mu Chikhalidwe Chamakono
Pakadali pano, magulu ena achiwiri amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pa:
1. Kuchita bwino komanso kupanga zinthu mwanzeru
Kugawa ntchito ndi luso lapadera kumathandiza kuti ntchito yaikulu ithe bwino.
2. Kukwaniritsa zolinga za gulu
Bungweli lithandiza madera kumanga zomangamanga, maphunziro, mautumiki aboma, ndi machitidwe azachuma.
3. Kuyenda bwino pagulu komanso pantchito
Kudzera m'masukulu, mayunivesite, ndi malo antchito, anthu amapeza luso komanso mwayi wokweza udindo wawo pagulu.
4. Kugwirizana kwakukulu
Mayiko, makampani akuluakulu, ndi mabungwe apadziko lonse lapansi amatha kugwira ntchito kudzera m'magulu achiwiri omwe ali ndi maukonde ambiri.
Kusintha kwa Masiku Ano: Pamene Malire Akhala Osamveka
Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wolumikizirana ndi kusintha kwa moyo kukulepheretsa malire pakati pa magulu apakati ndi apakati. Mwachitsanzo, ogwira nawo ntchito akhoza kukhala mabwenzi apamtima, kotero maubwenzi apantchito salinso opanda umunthu. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, maubwenzi apabanja amatha kukhala "ogwira ntchito" kwambiri pamene nthawi yolankhulana maso ndi maso ili yochepa ndipo kulankhulana kumachitika makamaka kudzera m'mauthenga a pafoni.
Malo ochezera a pa Intaneti amapanganso maubwenzi atsopano: anthu amatha kumva kuti ali pafupi kwambiri ngakhale osakumana maso ndi maso, kapena kulowa nawo m'magulu a pa intaneti okhala ndi mabungwe ovomerezeka monga mabungwe. Izi zikusonyeza kuti magulu oyambira ndi achiwiri ndi zida zowunikira, osati mabokosi olimba.
Mapeto
Lingaliro la magulu oyambira ndi achiwiri ndi maziko ofunikira mu chiphunzitso cha chikhalidwe cha anthu kuti timvetsetse mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya maubwenzi a anthu m'moyo wa anthu. Magulu oyambira amagogomezera kuyandikana, mgwirizano wamaganizo, komanso mphamvu yayikulu pakupanga kudziwika ndi mfundo zazikulu. Magulu achiwiri amagogomezera kukhazikika, zolinga zenizeni, ndi magwiridwe antchito pokonza moyo wamakono wa anthu. Mwachizolowezi, anthu nthawi zambiri amakhala pakati: kupeza chithandizo ndi kudziwika kuchokera ku magulu oyambira, ndi mwayi, maluso, ndi mgwirizano wa anthu kuchokera ku magulu achiwiri. Pomvetsetsa kusiyana ndi ntchito za aliyense, titha kumvetsetsa mosavuta momwe anthu amachitira zinthu komanso malo athu mkati mwake.
