Maphunziro a Zachikhalidwe cha Anthu a Chikhalidwe Chodziwika
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino ndi chimodzi mwa zochitika za anthu zomwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi moyo watsiku ndi tsiku. Chimapezeka mu nyimbo, mafilimu, ma TV, malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, masewera apa intaneti, mafashoni, komanso ma meme omwe amafalikira mwachangu pa intaneti. Mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino sichimamveka ngati zosangalatsa chabe, koma ngati malo opangira tanthauzo, kulimbana ndi makhalidwe abwino, kupanga umunthu, komanso kuwonetsa kusintha kwa kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe chikhalidwe cha anthu chimaonera chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, momwe chimapangidwira ndikugwiritsidwa ntchito, komanso momwe chimakhudzira ubale wamphamvu ndi kayendetsedwe ka chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Chikhalidwe Chotchuka ngati Chinthu Chothandiza Anthu
Kuchokera pamalingaliro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, chikhalidwe ndi njira zonse zophunzirira komanso zobadwa nazo za moyo, zomwe zimaphatikizapo mfundo, miyambo, zizindikiro, ndi machitidwe a anthu. Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino ndi gawo la chikhalidwe chachikuluchi, koma chili ndi makhalidwe apadera: chimapangidwa kuti chikhale ndi omvera ambiri, chimapezeka mosavuta, ndipo nthawi zambiri chimafalikira kudzera pazama TV ndi mapulatifomu a digito. Zomwe amakonda ndi "zambiri," koma sizili zofanana. Zomwe zimaonedwa kuti ndizodziwika zimatha kusiyana malinga ndi gulu la anthu, mibadwo, chigawo, komanso madera enaake apaintaneti.
Sociology imaona chikhalidwe chodziwika ngati chinthu chokhudzana ndi anthu chifukwa chimachokera ku kuyanjana kwa ochita sewero osiyanasiyana: makampani opanga zinthu, atolankhani, boma, likulu, magulu a mafani, ndi anthu omwe amapanga ndikugawa zomwe zili. Mwachitsanzo, nyimbo yodziwika bwino pa TikTok si zotsatira za luso la oimba okha, komanso mphamvu ya ma algorithms, machitidwe a ogwiritsa ntchito, njira zotsatsira malonda, ndi chikhalidwe chotenga nawo mbali cha ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti.
Malingaliro a Chiphunzitso: Kuchokera ku Makampani Achikhalidwe Mpaka Kupanga Tanthauzo
Njira imodzi yakale ndi kutsutsa kwa Frankfurt School pa "makampani azikhalidwe" (Adorno ndi Horkheimer). Amaona chikhalidwe chodziwika ngati chinthu chopangidwa kuti chipeze phindu, nthawi zambiri kupangitsa kuti anthu azikonda zinthu zomwe akufuna komanso kupangitsa anthu kukhala chete. M'malingaliro awa, mafilimu, nyimbo, ndi wailesi yakanema zitha kukhala zida zochepetsera kutsutsa anthu chifukwa anthu amatanganidwa kwambiri ndi zosangalatsa kuposa kuthana ndi zenizeni za kusalingana.
Komabe, lingaliro ili silinapatulidwe. Maphunziro a chikhalidwe, makamaka ochokera ku Sukulu ya Birmingham (monga Stuart Hall), akugogomezera kuti omvera samangokhala chete. Tanthauzo silimangoperekedwa ndi opanga; omvera amatanthauzira zolemba zachikhalidwe mosiyana kutengera zomwe akumana nazo pagulu. Filimu yomweyi ingawerengedwe ngati zosangalatsa zochepa ndi ena, koma ngati kutsutsidwa ndi anthu ena. Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe chodziwika ndi malo okambirana tanthauzo.
Kuphatikiza apo, Pierre Bourdieu akutikumbutsa kuti zokonda zachikhalidwe zimagwirizana kwambiri ndi gulu la anthu kudzera mu malingaliro a chizolowezi ndi chuma cha chikhalidwe. Zosankha pakuonera, kumvetsera nyimbo, kapena mavalidwe zimatha kukhala ngati zizindikiro za udindo, njira zosiyanitsira anthu, kapena njira zoyendera. Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino, pankhaniyi, sichili chopanda tsankho: chimagwirizana ndi kapangidwe ka magulu, maphunziro, ndi mwayi wopeza ndalama.
Ma Media, Ukadaulo, ndi Kusintha kwa Kagwiritsidwe Ntchito
Kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo wolumikizirana kwathandiza kuti chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chifalikire mofulumira. Ngakhale kuti wailesi yakanema ndi wailesi kale zinali njira zazikulu, nsanja za digito tsopano zakhala njira yodziwika bwino. Ma algorithms amachita gawo lofunikira pakuzindikira zomwe zili patsamba la ogwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kutchuka kusakhale kotsika pankhani ya ubwino kapena kukoma koma zambiri zokhudza kuwonekera komwe kumapangidwa ndi dongosololi.
Kumbali inayi, nthawi ya digito yayambitsa chikhalidwe chotenga nawo mbali: mafani amatha kupanga zojambula za mafani, nkhani zongopeka za mafani, makanema ochitapo kanthu, ndemanga, komanso magulu othandizira pa intaneti. Mwachitsanzo, mdziko la K-pop, mafani amagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zogwirira ntchito limodzi kuti akweze nyimbo pamwamba pa ma chart, kukonza ma campaign owonera, komanso kuchita nawo zochitika zachitukuko. Izi zikuwonetsa kuti kudya chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino si ntchito ya munthu payekha, koma ndi njira yochezera anthu yomwe imakhudza anthu ammudzi, kudziwika, ndi mgwirizano.
Komabe, kusinthaku kukubweretsanso nkhani zatsopano: kugulitsa deta, kusamalira chidwi, ndi mphamvu ya "kufalikira" yomwe nthawi zina imawononga kuzama kwa zokambirana. Zomwe zili mkati zimapangidwa kuti zikope anthu kuti ayang'ane ndi kuwona, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zinthu zokopa chidwi zikhale zosavuta kuposa mikangano yovuta.
Chikhalidwe ndi Kudziwika Kotchuka
Sociology imaganizira kwambiri momwe anthu amadziwikira kudzera mu miyambo yachikhalidwe. Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chimapereka zizindikiro ndi nkhani zomwe anthu angagwiritse ntchito kudzitcha okha: monga "mwana wodziyimira pawokha," "wokonda sewero la K-drama," "wolira," "wosewera masewera," kapena "mwana wowonera." Mazina amenewa samangokhudza zokonda zawo zokha, komanso njira zomangira kudzimva kuti ndi ofunika, kupanga maukonde a ubwenzi, komanso kukambirana maudindo mkati mwa anthu.
Kuwonetsera kwa anthu m'chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino kumawonetsanso omwe amaonedwa komanso momwe amawonetsedwera. Mafilimu, zotsatsa, ndi nyimbo zimatha kubweretsa malingaliro olakwika okhudza jenda, fuko, kalasi, ndi kugonana. Mwachitsanzo, kuwonetsa akazi ngati oletsedwa ndi maudindo enaake kapena magulu ang'onoang'ono ngati anthu achiwiri kungalimbikitse kupanda chilungamo kophiphiritsira. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kuwonetsa kophatikizana kwambiri kungatsegule mipata yodziwikiratu ndikukulitsa malingaliro a anthu osiyanasiyana.
Ubale Wamphamvu: Ulamuliro ndi Kutsutsa
Antonio Gramsci adayambitsa lingaliro la ulamuliro, lomwe ndi ulamuliro womwe umagwira ntchito osati kudzera mu chiwawa chokha, komanso kudzera mu mgwirizano wa anthu womwe umamangidwa pa mfundo ndi malingaliro omwe amaonedwa kuti ndi "abwinobwino." Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino ndi njira yayikulu ya ulamuliro chifukwa chimafalitsa miyoyo ina, miyezo yokongola, matanthauzo a kupambana, ndi malingaliro ngati abwinobwino.
Mwachitsanzo, miyezo yoyenera ya thupi ndi moyo wokonda kugula zinthu nthawi zambiri zimalimbikitsidwa kudzera mu malonda ndi anthu olimbikitsa. Miyezo imeneyi ikavomerezedwa mosayang'aniridwa, anthu amalimbikitsidwa kutsatira zithunzi zina, kugula zinthu zina, ndikudziweruza okha kutengera miyezo yopangidwa ndi atolankhani. Komabe, chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chingakhalenso malo otsutsira. Nyimbo za rap, nthabwala zoseketsa, mafilimu odziyimira pawokha, kapena mayendedwe a hashtag pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati njira yotsutsira kusalingana, ziphuphu, tsankho, kapena nkhanza zokhudzana ndi amuna ndi akazi.
Kugulitsa Zinthu, Kugula Zinthu Moyenera, ndi Makhalidwe Abwino
Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chimalumikizidwa kwambiri ndi msika. Zochitika zimasintha mofulumira; zinthu zachikhalidwe zimakhala zinthu zogulitsa; ndipo umunthu ukhoza kugulitsidwa. Zochitika za malonda, mgwirizano wa makampani ndi anthu otchuka, komanso kugulitsa miyoyo kudzera mu "ma vlog a tsiku ndi tsiku" zikuwonetsa momwe malire pakati pa moyo waumwini ndi kukwezedwa akuchulukirachulukira. Kuchokera pamalingaliro azachuma, izi zikusonyeza kufalikira kwa malingaliro a capitalist m'malo omwe kale anali achinsinsi: chidwi, maubwenzi a anthu, komanso malingaliro.
Pakati pa izi, mafunso okhudza makhalidwe abwino amabuka: kodi makampaniwa ali ndi udindo wotani pa zotsatira za zomwe zili pagulu? Kodi ogwira ntchito zolenga, kuyambira oimba mpaka opanga zomwe zili pagulu, amatetezedwa bwanji? Kodi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chimakhudza bwanji thanzi la maganizo, makamaka pamene kutsimikizika kwa anthu kumayesedwa mu zomwe amakonda, malingaliro, ndi ndemanga? Sociology imathandiza kuyankha mafunso awa poika zokumana nazo za munthu payekha mkati mwa dongosolo lonse la chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Chikhalidwe Chodziwika ku Indonesia: Chapafupi, Padziko Lonse, ndi Chosakanikirana
Mu chikhalidwe cha ku Indonesia, chikhalidwe chodziwika chimasonyeza kuyanjana kwa zisonkhezero zapadziko lonse lapansi ndi luso la m'deralo. Zikhalidwe za ku Korea, Japan, ndi Western zimagwirizana ndi miyambo yakomweko, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale mitundu yosiyanasiyana: oimba nyimbo akuphatikiza dangdut ndi EDM, nthabwala zogwiritsa ntchito ma meme apadziko lonse lapansi, kapena mafilimu osintha nkhani zakomweko ndi masitaelo amakono a kanema.
Kuphatikiza apo, chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino cha ku Indonesia chimayendanso kudzera pa nsanja za digito, zomwe zimathandiza opanga madera kuti apeze kutchuka mdziko lonse. Komabe, mwayi wopeza intaneti wosalingana, kusiyana kwa luso la digito, komanso kuchuluka kwa mphamvu zofalitsa nkhani kumakhalabe zovuta. Zomwe "zotchuka" nthawi zambiri zimakhudzidwa ndi malo opangira chikhalidwe, ngakhale mwayi wowonjezera wogawa mphamvu.
Kutseka
Maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu amaika zosangalatsa ngati chinthu chachikulu chifukwa zimapanga momwe timaganizira, momwe timamvera, komanso momwe timagwirizanirana. Chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino chili ndi njira zambiri zogwirira ntchito pagulu: kupanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito, ulamuliro ndi kukana, kupanga umunthu, kugulitsa, komanso kulimbana ndi tanthauzo. Mu nthawi ya digito, chikhalidwe chodziwika chikusintha mwachangu ndipo chikukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kusanthula kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu kukhala kofunika kwambiri kuti timvetsetse momwe chimakhudzira kusalingana, kuyimira anthu, komanso khalidwe la moyo wa anthu. Pomvetsetsa chikhalidwe chodziwika ngati chikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kukhala ogula kwambiri komanso nzika - okhoza kusangalala nacho, komanso okhoza kukayikira makhalidwe ndi kapangidwe kake komwe kakugwira ntchito kumbuyo kwake.
