Zochitika Zachikhalidwe ndi Njira Zowonetsera mu Sociology
Zochitika za anthu ndi zochitika, machitidwe, ndi mphamvu zomwe zimachokera ku kuyanjana kwa anthu m'gulu. Zitha kuwoneka m'nkhani za tsiku ndi tsiku—monga momwe zinthu zilili pa malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, kusintha kwa moyo, kukula kwa mizinda, kapena kusintha kwa mgwirizano—komanso nkhani zazikulu monga umphawi, mikangano, kusalingana kwa anthu, ndi kusintha kwa ndale. Sociology, monga sayansi ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, ilipo kuti imvetsetse zochitika izi mwadongosolo, mozama, komanso motsatira umboni. Apa ndi pomwe njira yoyesera imakhala yofunika kwambiri, chifukwa imatsogolera sociology kuti idalira osati malingaliro, tsankho, kapena malingaliro okha, komanso deta ndi zomwe zingayesedwe.
Kumvetsetsa Zochitika Zachikhalidwe: Kuchokera Payekha Kupita Pakapangidwe
Zochitika za anthu sizimakhala zokha, koma zimapangika ndi ubale pakati pa anthu, magulu, ndi machitidwe a anthu. Mwachitsanzo, chisankho cha munthu chosamukira kumzinda chingawoneke ngati chisankho chaumwini, koma kwakukulukulu, chikugwirizana ndi mwayi wosafanana wa ntchito, mwayi wopeza maphunziro, ndi chitukuko chachuma m'madera ena. Mwanjira ina, zochitika za anthu nthawi zambiri zimakhala chifukwa cha kuyanjana kwa zinthu zazing'ono (zolinga ndi zochita za munthu payekha) ndi zinthu zazikulu (malamulo, mabungwe, mfundo, ndi chikhalidwe).
Sociology imaona anthu ngati dongosolo lopangidwa ndi zinthu monga banja, maphunziro, chuma, chipembedzo, atolankhani, komanso boma. Chinthu chimodzi chikasintha, zina zimatha kukhudzidwa. Chitsanzo chosavuta ndi chochitika chogwira ntchito patali. Kusinthaku sikukhudza momwe anthu amagwirira ntchito, komanso njira zolankhulirana m'mabanja, kugwiritsa ntchito malo a m'mizinda, zosowa zamagalimoto, komanso momwe anthu amamangira ma social network. Zochitika za anthu ngati izi zimafuna kusanthula komwe sikungokhala kwachilengedwe, komanso kutengera kusanthula kwakukulu kwa chifukwa.
Nchifukwa chiyani njira yowonera zinthu ndi yofunika kwambiri mu Sociology?
Njira yoyesera ndi njira yomvetsetsa zenizeni za anthu kudzera mu kuyang'ana mwadongosolo, kuyeza, ndi kusonkhanitsa deta. "Empirical" imatanthauza kudalira mfundo zomwe zingaoneke, osati kungonena zokhazikika kapena zongopeka. Sociology imagwiritsa ntchito njira yoyesera kuti zitsimikizire kuti mfundo zake ndi zomveka mwasayansi. Popanda deta, kusanthula anthu kumakhala pachiwopsezo chogwera m'malingaliro olakwika: kufalitsa nkhani zokhudza gulu, kuimba mlandu wozunzidwayo, kapena kunyalanyaza kapangidwe kake.
Njira yoyesera imathandizanso akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu kuyesa ngati lingaliro lodziwika bwino ndi loona. Mwachitsanzo, pali chikhulupiriro chakuti "achinyamata masiku ano ndi odzikonda kwambiri." Kodi izi ndi zoona? Kuti tiyankhe funsoli, zizindikiro zomveka bwino zimafunika (monga kuchuluka kwa kutenga nawo mbali muzochitika za anthu ammudzi, kulimba kwa kuyanjana maso ndi maso, kutenga nawo mbali m'mabungwe, kapena mitundu ya mgwirizano wa digito), kenako deta imasonkhanitsidwa kudzera mu kafukufuku, kuwona, kapena kuyankhulana. Mwanjira imeneyi, chikhalidwe cha anthu sichimathera pa mawu wamba koma chimapita ku kumvetsetsa kolondola komanso koyezeka.
Mitundu ya Njira Yowonetsera: Kuchuluka ndi Kuyenerera
Mwachidule, njira yoyesera mu sociology nthawi zambiri imachitika kudzera m'njira ziwiri zazikulu: kuchuluka ndi khalidwe.
Njira yowerengera imagogomezera muyeso ndi manambala. Njirayi nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito pofufuza njira zazikulu m'dera: kuchuluka kwa umphawi, kuchuluka kwa anthu osagwira ntchito, mgwirizano pakati pa maphunziro ndi ndalama, kapena zizolowezi za khalidwe mkati mwa anthu. Zida zodziwika bwino zimaphatikizapo kafukufuku, mafunso, ndi kusanthula ziwerengero. Ubwino wa njira yowerengera ndi kuthekera kwake kupereka chithunzithunzi chachikulu, kulola kufananiza m'madera osiyanasiyana, ndikupereka zotsatira zomwe zingatheke ngati kukula kwa chitsanzo kuli koyenera.
Pakadali pano, njira yowunikira imayang'ana kwambiri tanthauzo, zomwe zachitika, ndi momwe zinthu zilili. Imagwiritsidwa ntchito pamene ofufuza akufuna kumvetsetsa "chifukwa" ndi "momwe" za chochitika kuchokera pamalingaliro a anthu ochita nawo masewera. Njira zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri zimaphatikizapo kuyankhulana mozama, kuwona ophunzira, maphunziro a milandu, ndi kusanthula zikalata. Ubwino wa njira yowunikira ndi kuzama kwake: imatha kujambula malingaliro, makhalidwe, ndi ubale womwe sumawonekera nthawi zonse m'ziwerengero za ziwerengero.
Mu maphunziro ambiri amakono, akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amaphatikiza ziwirizi kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Mwachitsanzo, kafukufuku wokhudza kuzunza m'masukulu angayambe ndi kafukufuku wofufuza kufalikira ndi mitundu ya kuzunza, kutsatiridwa ndi kuyankhulana kuti afufuze zomwe zachitikira ozunzidwa, ochita zachiwawa, ndi aphunzitsi, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti amvetsetse bwino.
Magawo a Kafukufuku Wachilengedwe mu Sociology
Kafukufuku wofufuza zamatsenga si wongofuna kusonkhanitsa deta yokha. Umakhala ndi magawo okonzedwa bwino kuti zitsimikizire zotsatira zolondola komanso zoyesedwa. Kawirikawiri, kafukufuku wa chikhalidwe cha anthu amayamba ndi kupanga mavuto: ndi chinthu chiti chomwe chiyenera kufotokozedwa? Kenako, dongosolo la chiphunzitso limapangidwa kuti lithandize kuzindikira ubale pakati pa zinthu zosiyanasiyana kapena malingaliro a mapu. Pambuyo pake, njira, chiwerengero cha anthu ndi chitsanzo (ngati kuli kofunikira), ndi zida zosonkhanitsira deta zimatsimikiziridwa.
Gawo lotsatira ndi kusonkhanitsa deta m'munda, komwe kuyenera kuchitika motsatira mfundo zachikhalidwe zofufuzira: kulemekeza zachinsinsi, kufunafuna chilolezo chodziwitsidwa, ndikupewa kuvulaza ophunzira. Pomaliza, detayo imasanthulidwa—mwachiwerengero cha njira zowerengera kapena kudzera mu kugawa mitu ya njira zowerengera—ndipo zitsimikizo zimaperekedwa zomwe zimayankha mafunso ofufuza.
Zitsanzo za Zochitika Zachikhalidwe ndi Njira Zowonera Zofufuzira
Kufalikira kwa mabodza ndi chitsanzo chodziwika bwino m'magulu a digito. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amatha kuunika mwa kupenda mapu a nsanja zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ngati magwero a mabodza, makhalidwe a anthu omwe amafalitsa, kuchuluka kwawo kwa chidziwitso cha atolankhani, ndi zinthu zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu monga kufunikira kuzindikirika kapena mantha osiyidwa. Deta ingapezeke kudzera mu kafukufuku wa digito, kusanthula zomwe zili m'mapositi, ndi kuyankhulana za zolinga ndi zizolowezi zogwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso.
Chitsanzo china ndi vuto la kusalingana kwa madera. Sociology imagwiritsa ntchito ziwerengero (ndalama zomwe munthu amapeza, maphunziro, mwayi wopeza chithandizo chamankhwala) kuti iwunike momwe kusalingana kulili, kenako imakulitsa kumvetsetsa kumeneku pogwiritsa ntchito maphunziro ofunikira m'madera enaake: momwe anthu okhala m'deralo amaonera kusalungama, njira zawo zothanirana ndi mavuto, komanso ubale wawo ndi mabungwe aboma komanso msika. Ndi njira yowonera, kusalingana kumakhala kopitilira muyeso; zotsatira zake zimatha kuyezedwa ndikuwoneka bwino.
Mavuto mu Njira Yoyesera
Ngakhale kuti njira zoyesera zimakumana ndi mavuto, zimakhala zofunikira. Choyamba, deta ya anthu nthawi zambiri imakhala yovuta komanso yokhudzidwa ndi chikhalidwe. Funso lomweli la kafukufuku limatha kutanthauziridwa mosiyana ndi magulu osiyanasiyana. Chachiwiri, pali nkhani za tsankho: tsankho la ofufuza, tsankho la oyankha, ndi tsankho losankha zitsanzo. Chachitatu, zochitika za anthu zimasintha mofulumira, makamaka m'nthawi ya digito, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti deta ikhale yakale mosavuta. Chifukwa chake, chikhalidwe cha anthu chiyenera kusintha njira zake nthawi zonse, kuwonjezera kukhwima, ndikupanga makhalidwe abwino ofufuza.
Kutseka
Zochitika za anthu zimasonyeza kusintha kwa moyo wa munthu nthawi zonse. Sociology imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pakutanthauzira kusinthaku mozama komanso mwadongosolo. Njira yowonera zinthu imapangitsa sociology kukhala nkhani yongokambirana, koma sayansi yozikidwa pa deta yoyesedwa, kuwona, ndi kusanthula. Kudzera mu kuchuluka, qualitative, kapena kuphatikiza njira zonse ziwiri, sociology imatha kufotokoza molondola kwambiri machitidwe, matanthauzo, ndi zotsatira za zochitika za anthu. Pomaliza pake, kumvetsetsa kowonera zinthu za anthu sikuti kumangowonjezera chidziwitso komanso kumapereka maziko opangira mfundo ndi zochita za anthu zolungama komanso zogwira mtima.
