Kufufuza Mutu wa Tsankho mu Sociology
Tsankho ndi chimodzi mwa nkhani zovuta kwambiri komanso zokhalitsa m'mbiri ya anthu. Mu maphunziro a chikhalidwe cha anthu, tsankho silimamveka ngati malingaliro a munthu payekha odana ndi gulu linalake, koma ngati chochitika cha chikhalidwe cha anthu chomwe chimayikidwa m'mapangidwe, chikhalidwe, ndi maubwenzi amphamvu. Sociology imatithandiza kuona momwe tsankho limapangidwira, kusungidwa, ndi kubwerezedwanso kudzera m'mabungwe—monga maphunziro, chuma, atolankhani, malamulo, ndi ndale—komanso kudzera m'machitidwe a tsiku ndi tsiku. Chifukwa chake, kufufuza tsankho mu sociology ndikofunikira kwambiri kuti timvetsetse zomwe zimayambitsa komanso kupanga njira zothandiza kwambiri zosinthira chikhalidwe cha anthu.
Tsankho: Lingaliro la Anthu ndi Tanthauzo
Kawirikawiri, tsankho limatanthauza zikhulupiriro, machitidwe, kapena machitidwe omwe amaweruza magulu a anthu kutengera gulu la "mtundu" ndikuwayika motsatira malamulo. Sociology imagogomezera kuti "mtundu" si gulu la zamoyo zokha, koma kapangidwe ka chikhalidwe: madera amapanga magulu amitundu kutengera makhalidwe enieni akuthupi kenako nkuwagwirizanitsa ndi matanthauzo a chikhalidwe monga nzeru, makhalidwe abwino, chikhalidwe, kapena luso. Pamene mapangidwe awa agwiritsidwa ntchito kulungamitsa kusalingana—kaya mu ufulu, mwayi wopeza zinthu, kapena udindo wa chikhalidwe—tsankho limakhalapo ngati njira yolamulira.
Mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, tsankho nthawi zambiri limasiyanitsidwa m'njira zingapo. Choyamba, tsankho la munthu payekha, lomwe ndi tsankho ndi tsankho lochitidwa ndi anthu. Chachiwiri, tsankho la mabungwe, lomwe ndi mfundo ndi machitidwe a mabungwe omwe ali ndi zotsatirapo za tsankho, ngakhale kuti nthawi zonse sizimayenderana ndi cholinga chodziwikiratu cha tsankho. Chachitatu, tsankho la kapangidwe kake, lomwe limatanthauza machitidwe akuluakulu komanso ogwirizana a kusalingana m'mabungwe omwe amavutitsa magulu ena amitundu. Kusiyana kumeneku ndikofunikira chifukwa kumasuntha chidwi kuchokera ku "anthu oipa" kupita ku "machitidwe osalungama."
Mizu Yakale ndi Ubale Wamphamvu
Makambirano okhudza tsankho m'chikhalidwe cha anthu sangasiyanitsidwe ndi mbiri ya ukoloni, ukapolo, ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa boma lamakono. M'mikhalidwe yambiri, magulu a mafuko amagwiritsidwa ntchito polungamitsa kukula kwa malo, kugwiritsa ntchito anthu molakwika, komanso kuwongolera chuma. Tsankho limakhala mtundu wa "nzeru" zomwe zimavomereza kusalingana: magulu amphamvu amaonedwa kuti ndi apamwamba ndipo motero "ali ndi ufulu" wotsogolera, pomwe magulu ena amaikidwa ngati otsika.
Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu amaona tsankho ngati ubale wamphamvu. Izi zikutanthauza kuti tsankho silimangokhudza umunthu wokha, komanso amene ali ndi mphamvu zofotokozera miyambo, kutsimikiza mfundo, kulamulira chuma, ndi kulamulira nkhani za anthu onse. Apa ndi pomwe tsankho limalumikizana ndi gulu la anthu, jenda, ndi zina. Mwachitsanzo, magulu ang'onoang'ono amitundu omwenso ndi osauka nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi zovuta zingapo: mwayi wochepa wopeza maphunziro, mwayi wochepa wa ntchito, komanso kuchitira tsankho m'mautumiki aboma. Maganizo otsutsana amafotokoza kuti zomwe zimachitika pa tsankho zimatha kusiyana kutengera maudindo a anthu.
Tsankho mu Kuyanjana kwa Tsiku ndi Tsiku
Pa mlingo waung'ono, chikhalidwe cha anthu chimaphunzira momwe tsankho limaonekera m'makambirano, malingaliro olakwika, nthabwala, ndi machitidwe. Mtundu womwe umakambidwa kawirikawiri ndi ukali waung'ono, womwe umawoneka ngati zochita zazing'ono kapena ndemanga, nthawi zina zimatengedwa ngati nthabwala, zomwe zimapereka uthenga wonyoza kapena wosokoneza. Zitsanzo zikuphatikizapo lingaliro lakuti anthu ochokera m'magulu ena "ayenera" kukhala ndi makhalidwe enaake, kapena kuchitirana mosiyana komwe kumapangitsa munthu kumva ngati sali m'gulu la anthu.
Kuyanjana kwa tsiku ndi tsiku n'kofunika kwambiri chifukwa kumagwira ntchito ngati malo oberekera chikhalidwe cha tsankho. Maganizo obwerezabwereza—m'masukulu, m'malo ogwirira ntchito, ndi m'malo ochezera a pa Intaneti—angapangitse "chidziwitso chodziwika bwino" chomwe chimavomerezedwa mosamalitsa. Ngakhale munthu atakhala kuti sakuganizira za tsankho, amathabe kupititsa patsogolo machitidwe a tsankho potsatira miyambo yokhazikika. Ichi ndichifukwa chake chikhalidwe cha anthu chimagogomezera njira yolumikizirana: makhalidwe ndi malingaliro amaperekedwa kudzera m'banja, m'mabungwe ophunzitsa, m'malo ozungulira, ndi m'chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino.
Atolankhani, Kuyimira, ndi Kupanga Tanthauzo
Atolankhani amachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakupanga malingaliro a anthu pankhani ya mafuko. Katswiri wa zachikhalidwe cha anthu amafufuza momwe magulu amitundu amafotokozedwera: ndani nthawi zambiri amakhala protagonist, ndani nthawi zambiri amatchedwa wachifwamba, ndani amaonedwa ngati "wosamukira kudziko lina," komanso ndani amaonedwa ngati "wamba." Kuyimira molakwika kumatha kulimbikitsa ubale woipa, kukhudza malingaliro a anthu, komanso kutsogolera mfundo.
Kuphatikiza apo, ma algorithms mu nthawi ya digito amakhudza kufalikira kwa nkhani za tsankho. Zomwe zimayambitsa malingaliro nthawi zambiri zimafalikira mosavuta, kuphatikizapo mawu odana ndi malingaliro wamba. Sociology ikuwona kuti ukadaulo si malo osalowerera ndale: umanyamula zofuna zandale ndi zachuma ndipo ukhoza kukulitsa kusagwirizana kwa anthu. Chifukwa chake, kuphunzira ndi atolankhani ndi malamulo oyenera ndi nkhani zofunika kwambiri poletsa tsankho lochokera ku chidziwitso.
Tsankho la Mabungwe: Maphunziro, Zachuma, ndi Malamulo
Tsankho limapezekanso m'mabungwe. Mwachitsanzo, mu maphunziro, kusalingana kungawonekere kudzera mu mwayi wopeza masukulu abwino, ndalama zolipirira maphunziro, chithandizo cha aphunzitsi chokondera, ndi maphunziro omwe amanyalanyaza mbiri ya magulu ang'onoang'ono. Pamene mbiri ndi zopereka za magulu ena sizioneka, zimakhala "zosaoneka" m'nkhani ya dziko, motero zimawononga malingaliro awo odziyimira pawokha komanso mwayi wocheza ndi anthu.
Mu zachuma, tsankho lingaonekere mu kusagwirizana pantchito, kusiyana kwa malipiro, kusiyanitsa anthu okhala m'nyumba, kapena zopinga zopezera ndalama zogwirira ntchito. Mu zamalamulo, maphunziro osiyanasiyana akuwonetsa kuti machitidwe okakamiza malamulo akhoza kukhala osalingana: magulu ena amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chokayikira, kufufuza, kapena kulangidwa mwamphamvu. Akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu amakhulupirira kuti izi si tsankho la akuluakulu pawokha, koma chifukwa cha mfundo, chikhalidwe cha mabungwe, komanso kusalingana pakati pa anthu.
Kukana, Mayendedwe a Anthu, ndi Kusintha
Sociology imayang'ananso pakulimbana ndi tsankho. Magulu otsutsana ndi tsankho nthawi zambiri amadalira mgwirizano wa anthu onse, kulimbikitsa mfundo, maphunziro a anthu onse, komanso kupanga chidziwitso china. Kusintha kungachitike kudzera mu kusintha kwa mabungwe, kukakamiza malamulo oletsa tsankho, komanso kuyesetsa kwa nthawi yayitali kumanga chikhalidwe chophatikiza anthu onse.
Komabe, chikhalidwe cha anthu chimatikumbutsa kuti kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu si njira yolunjika. Pamene mapangidwe a kusalingana akutsutsidwa, kukana nthawi zambiri kumachokera ku magulu omwe akuona kuti udindo wawo uli pangozi. Chifukwa chake, njira zotsutsana ndi tsankho ziyenera kuyang'ana kwambiri osati kungosintha malingaliro; ziyeneranso kuthana ndi kusintha kwa malamulo, kugawa zinthu, ndi njira zodziyimira pawokha. Maphunziro ofunikira, kukambirana pakati pa magulu, ndi mfundo zolimbikitsa anthu, m'malo enaake, zonse zitha kukhala gawo la zoyesayesa zochepetsera kusalingana komwe kunabadwa m'mbuyomu.
Kutseka
Kufufuza za tsankho mu chikhalidwe cha anthu kukuwonetsa kuti tsankho si nkhani ya makhalidwe a munthu payekha, koma vuto la chikhalidwe cha anthu. Tsankho limapangidwa ndi mbiri, limasungidwa ndi mabungwe, ndipo limapangidwanso kudzera mu mgwirizano ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Pogwiritsa ntchito njira ya chikhalidwe cha anthu, titha kumvetsetsa chifukwa chake tsankho likupitirirabe, ngakhale kuti anthu ambiri amanena kuti amakana tsankho. Nthawi yomweyo, malingaliro awa amapereka chiyembekezo: ngati tsankho ndi chinthu chopangidwa ndi anthu, ndiye kuti lingasinthidwe kudzera mu zochita za anthu mwadala—kudzera mu mfundo zolungama, mabungwe odalirika, ndi chikhalidwe chomwe chimalemekeza kufanana ndi ulemu wa anthu.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kukhala mawu 1000 (pakadali pano ndi ofanana kwambiri), kapena kuwonjezera mitu yaying'ono monga chiphunzitso cha mikangano, magwiridwe antchito, kuyanjana kwa chizindikiro, ndi malingaliro a pambuyo pa ukoloni pankhani yowerenga tsankho.
