Kugwiritsa Ntchito Chiphunzitso cha Zolemba mu Sociology
Chiphunzitso cha kulemba zilembo ndi chiphunzitso chofunikira kwambiri mu chikhalidwe cha anthu, makamaka pakuphunzira za khalidwe lopotoka kapena lopotoka. Chiphunzitsochi chinayambitsidwa koyamba ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu monga Howard Becker ndi Edwin Lemert pakati pa zaka za m'ma 20, ngakhale kuti lingaliroli linali litayamba kale kupangidwa ndi akatswiri a chikhalidwe cha anthu monga Frank Tannenbaum. Chofunika kwambiri pa chiphunzitsochi ndi momwe magulu ena kapena magulu ena amapatsira mayina kapena mayina a anthu ena kapena magulu ena, zomwe zimakhudza khalidwe ndi kudziwika kwa anthu kapena magulu amenewo.
Chiphunzitso Choyambira cha Kulemba Zolemba
Chiphunzitso cha kulemba mayina chimayamba kuchokera ku mfundo yakuti kupotoka si khalidwe lobadwa nalo la chinthu china, koma zotsatira za kuweruza anthu. Pachifukwa ichi, zochita kapena anthu sizimapotoka mwachibadwa mpaka anthu atasankha kuwatchula mayina. Lingaliro limeneli limalimbikitsa akatswiri a zachikhalidwe cha anthu kumvetsetsa kuti khalidwe lopotoka si mkhalidwe weniweni kapena khalidwe, koma m'malo mwake zotsatira za kuyanjana kwa anthu komwe kumapangidwa ndi mayankho ndi machitidwe a mabungwe a anthu pa zochita zina.
Njira Yolembera
Njira yolembera mayina nthawi zambiri imayamba ndi kuyanjana kwa anthu komwe zochita zimaonedwa kuti ndizosiyana ndi anthu kapena gulu lolamulira. Pakuyanjana kumeneku, munthu kapena gulu lomwe likuchita "zosiyana" limapatsidwa dzina linalake—monga, "wachifwamba," "wopanda pake," kapena "wachiwerewere."
Gawo loyamba ili linatchedwa "kupotoka koyamba" ndi Edwin Lemert. Kupotoka koyamba kumatanthauza zochita zopotoka zomwe zimachitika popanda zotsatirapo zazikulu pa umunthu wa wolakwayo. Pakadali pano, "kupotoka kwachiwiri" kumatanthauza zochitika zomwe wolakwayo amavomereza kuti chizindikirocho ndi chowona pa umunthu wake. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti munthu asinthe momwe amaonera komanso khalidwe lake, pamene akuyamba kuchita zinthu mogwirizana ndi chizindikirocho.
Zotsatira za Kulemba
Kulemba zilembo kumakhudza munthu kapena gulu lomwe lalembedwa mayinawo mwachindunji komanso mosalunjika. Choyamba, kulemba zilembo kungapangitse kuti munthu adzione ngati wakuba. Mwachitsanzo, munthu amene amalembedwa kuti ndi “mbala” angayambe kudziona mosiyana ndikuchita zinthu zachiwawa chifukwa chakuti chizindikirocho chasintha momwe amaonera kuti ndi ndani.
Chachiwiri, kulemba mayina nthawi zambiri kumabweretsa kuchotsedwa pagulu, komwe anthu omwe ali ndi mayina oipa amakanidwa ndi anthu. Izi zingakhudze mwayi wawo wopeza mwayi wopeza mwayi wopeza zinthu pagulu komanso zachuma, zomwe zingalimbikitse khalidwe loipa. Zingayambitsenso "ntchito yoipa," komwe anthu amapitiliza kuchita zinthu zopatuka chifukwa amaona kuti palibe njira yotulukira mu dzina lomwe adapatsidwa.
Kusalana ndi Kudziwika
Lingaliro la kunyoza silingasiyanitsidwe ndi chiphunzitso cha kulemba mayina. Kunyoza kumachitika pamene dzina loipa laperekedwa kwa munthu kapena gulu ndipo limakhala chizindikiro chonyoza m'malo ochezera. Kunyoza kumeneku nthawi zambiri kumakhala kovuta kuchotsa ndipo kumatha kukhala ndi zotsatirapo zosatha pa chithunzi cha munthuyo komanso umunthu wake.
Kafukufuku wonga amene Erving Goffman anachita m'buku lake lakuti "Stigma: Notes on the Management of Spoiled Identity" akusonyeza kuti kunyozedwa kungapangitse anthu kumva manyazi, kukhumudwa, komanso kudzipatula. Izi zikugogomezera momwe mayina omwe anthu amapereka amakhudzira osati momwe ena amachitira ndi munthu wotchulidwayo komanso momwe munthuyo amaonera yekha.
Zitsanzo za Kugwiritsa Ntchito M'moyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku
Kugwiritsa ntchito mfundo imodzi yeniyeni yolemba mayina kungaonekere m'dongosolo la chilungamo. Munthu akamangidwa ndikuweruzidwa kuti ndi wolakwa pa mlandu, dzina lakuti "wachifwamba" kapena "wolakwa" limatha kukhala naye kwa zaka zambiri chilango chake chitamalizidwa. Dzinali nthawi zambiri limalepheretsa mwayi wawo wopeza ntchito, kubwereranso m'gulu la anthu, ndikukhazikitsa ubale wabwino ndi anthu. Kafukufuku wambiri wasonyeza kuti omwe adamangidwa nthawi zambiri amalakwitsanso, makamaka chifukwa cha manyazi ndi mayina omwe amakumana nawo.
Kuphatikiza apo, m'maphunziro, kulemba mayina n'kofala. Ophunzira omwe amalembedwa kuti "opusa" kapena "osauka" angachite zinthu mogwirizana ndi mayina awa, chifukwa amawaona ngati chizindikiro cha iwo. Izi nthawi zambiri zimapangitsa kuti asakhale ndi chidwi chofuna kuphunzira komanso kuti asachite bwino pamaphunziro, zomwe pamapeto pake zimawonjezera mayina oipawa.
Kutsutsa Chiphunzitso cha Zolemba
Ngakhale chiphunzitso cha kulemba mayina chimapereka chidziwitso chofunikira pa momwe kupotoka kumakhudzira anthu, sichili chopanda otsutsa ake. Chimodzi mwa zifukwa zazikulu ndichakuti chimanyalanyaza zinthu zambiri zomwe zimapangitsa kuti anthu azikhala ndi makhalidwe oipa. Otsutsa amanena kuti poyang'ana kwambiri pa kuyanjana kwa anthu ndi kulemba mayina, chiphunzitsochi chingalepheretse kusalingana kwa zachuma, ndale, ndi kapangidwe ka zinthu komwe kungathandizenso kupanga makhalidwe oipa.
Kutsutsa kwina ndikuti chiphunzitsochi chinganyalanyaze ufulu wa munthu payekha polemba zilembo. Ngakhale kuti ndi zoona kuti zilembo zomwe anthu amapereka zimakhudza kwambiri, anthu amathabe kukana kapena kukana zilembozo, kutengera ndi momwe zilili komanso zomwe ali nazo.
Mapeto
Ponseponse, chiphunzitso cha kulemba zilembo chimapereka lingaliro lozama komanso lofunikira lothandizira kumvetsetsa momwe kupotoka kumatanthauzidwira ndikuchitiridwa m'malo osiyanasiyana a anthu. Ngakhale kuti pali kutsutsidwa, kugwiritsidwa ntchito kwake m'magawo osiyanasiyana kwathandiza akatswiri azachikhalidwe ndi akatswiri kumvetsetsa momwe zilembo zachikhalidwe zimakhudzira anthu ndi manyazi pa anthu ndi magulu. Kudzera mu lingaliro ili, titha kumvetsetsa bwino momwe zochita zathu zolemba zilembo zingakhalire ndi zotsatirapo zazikulu kwanthawi yayitali, komanso kufunika kwa mfundo zachikhalidwe zoyenera pothana ndi manyazi ndi mayina.
