Njira yopangira chophimba cha foni yam'manja chopindika
Kupanga mafoni a m'manja m'zaka zaposachedwa sikungoyang'ana kwambiri pakukweza makamera kapena magwiridwe antchito a purosesa, komanso pakupanga zinthu zatsopano. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zosangalatsa kwambiri ndi kufika kwa mafoni a m'manja okhala ndi zowonetsera zopindika. Kumbuyo kwa zinthuzi zooneka ngati zamtsogolo kuli njira yovuta komanso yolondola kwambiri yopangira zinthu zosiyanasiyana zapamwamba. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza momwe zowonetsera mafoni a m'manja zopindika zimapangidwira, kuyambira kusankha zinthu mpaka kuyesa kulimba asanatulutsidwe.
1. Lingaliro loyambira la chophimba chopindika: chosinthasintha, osati chopyapyala chokha
Mosiyana ndi mafoni a m'manja omwe amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi olimba, ma screen opindika ayenera kukhala okhoza kupindika maulendo masauzande ambiri popanda kuwonongeka kwakukulu, kaya ku chiwonetsero chowoneka kapena ku ntchito yokhudza. Chifukwa chake, pakati pa chophimba chopindika ndi gulu lowonetsera losinthasintha, nthawi zambiri limachokera ku OLED (Organic Light Emitting Diode). Ukadaulo wa OLED umalola pixel iliyonse kutulutsa kuwala kwake popanda kuwala kwakumbuyo, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mawonekedwe a skrini akhale ochepa komanso osinthasintha kuposa LCD.
Komabe, kusinthasintha kokha sikokwanira. Chophimbacho chiyeneranso kukhala chosakanda, chosasweka, komanso chosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito. Vuto lalikulu limabwera pamene chinthucho chimapindika, pomwe zinthuzo zimakhala ndi mphamvu zambiri zamagetsi.
2. Kupanga ma backplanes osinthasintha ndi zigawo zamagetsi
Njira yopangira gulu losinthasintha la OLED imayamba ndi kupanga backplane, yomwe ili ndi ma transistors a thin-film (TFTs) omwe amawongolera kuyatsa kwa ma pixel. Mu zowonetsera zosinthasintha, backplane iyi siimamangidwa pagalasi ngati gulu wamba, koma pa pulasitiki yapadera, yosatentha, monga polyimide (PI). Polyimide imasankhidwa chifukwa imatha kupirira kutentha kwakukulu kwa njira zoyika ndi kuyika ma lithography pomwe imakhalabe yosinthasintha ikamalizidwa.
Gawo ili nthawi zambiri limaphatikizapo njira monga:
– Chophimba cha substrate: choyikapo cha polyimide chimayikidwa ndi makulidwe enaake.
– Kutenthetsa (kutenthetsa): kulimbitsa kapangidwe kake ndikuwonjezera kukhazikika kwa mawonekedwe ake.
– Photolithography ndi etching: kupanga mapangidwe a TFT circuit pogwiritsa ntchito microscope.
- Kuyika kwa zigawo za conductor ndi insulator: kuti mphamvu yamagetsi mu pixel iliyonse ilamulidwe molondola.
Kulondola pa siteji iyi ndikofunikira kwambiri chifukwa zolakwika zazing'ono zingayambitse ma pixel akufa kapena kusiyana kwa kuwala.
3. OLED layer deposition: mtima wa chiwonetserocho
Chipinda cham'mbuyo chikatha, gawo la OLED limawonjezedwa. Ma OLED amakhala ndi zigawo zingapo zoonda kwambiri zachilengedwe, chilichonse chili ndi ntchito yakeyake: gawo lopangira ma elekitironi, gawo lotulutsa kuwala, ndi gawo loyendetsa mabowo. Zigawo zimenezi zimayikidwa pa chimbudzi pogwiritsa ntchito njira zosungiramo zinthu monga vacuum evaporation kapena njira zina zomwe zimasunga ukhondo wambiri.
Njira imeneyi nthawi zambiri imachitika m'chipinda chopanda mpweya chomwe chimawongolera kwambiri fumbi, chifukwa ngakhale kuipitsidwa pang'ono kungawononge gululo. Gawoli limaphatikizaponso kupanga mapangidwe ofiira, obiriwira, ndi abuluu a subpixel. Njira imodzi yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito nthawi zambiri ndi kugwiritsa ntchito chigoba chachitsulo chabwino (FMM), mtundu wa "stencil" wopyapyala kwambiri kuti apange mapangidwe amitundu.
4. Kuphimba: kumateteza OLED ku adani akuluakulu
Magawo a OLED amakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi madzi ndi mpweya. Kukhudzidwa ndi chinyezi kungayambitse kuwonongeka, madontho akuda, komanso kulephera kwa panel. Chifukwa chake, gawo la OLED likamalizidwa, chowonetseracho chiyenera kutetezedwa kudzera mu njira yotsekera.
Mu zowonetsera zopindika, encapsulation singagwiritse ntchito galasi lokhuthala ngati mapanelo wamba. Opanga amagwiritsa ntchito Thin Film Encapsulation (TFE), yomwe imakhala ndi zigawo zoonda zosinthasintha: zinthu zopanda chilengedwe ngati chotchinga ndi zinthu zachilengedwe ngati choletsa kupsinjika. Kapangidwe ka zigawoka kapangidwa kuti kakhale kosinthasintha kakapindika koma kakuletsa chinyezi kulowa.
Njira ya TFE imafuna kuwongolera makulidwe molondola komanso kuwunikanso khalidwe mobwerezabwereza, chifukwa ngakhale kutayikira pang'ono kungachepetse kwambiri nthawi ya ntchito ya panelo.
5. Kukhudza gawo lomwe lingapindike
Mafoni opindika owonetsera samangowonetsa zithunzi zokha komanso amafunika kuyankha kukhudza. Apa ndi pomwe gawo losinthasintha la sensa yokhudza limafunika. Masensa okhudza nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuchokera ku zinthu zowonekera, zoyendetsa monga ITO (Indium Tin Oxide). Komabe, ITO imakhala yolimba ikapindika mobwerezabwereza, kotero opanga ena amagwiritsa ntchito njira zina monga maukonde achitsulo kapena zinthu zina zoyendetsera zosinthasintha.
Kenako gawo logwira limayikidwa pa bolodi lowonetsera pogwiritsa ntchito guluu wowonekera bwino (OCA/LOCA), womwe uyenera kukhala wopanda thovu ndikuletsa kusokonekera kwa mitundu. Njira yolimbitsira iyi imafuna kupanikizika kofanana komanso malo oyera kuti fumbi lisalowe.
6. Chivundikiro cha nsalu yotchinga: UTG ndi filimu yoteteza
Kuti chinsalu chisakandane, mafoni amakono opindika nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito njira ziwiri:
1. UTG (Galasi Lochepa Kwambiri): galasi lopyapyala kwambiri lomwe limatha kupindika mpaka pamlingo winawake.
2. Filimu yoteteza ya polima: gawo lapamwamba lomwe nthawi zambiri limawoneka ngati "choteteza chophimba" choyikidwa mufakitale.
UTG imapangidwa kudzera mu njira yapadera yomwe imaphatikizapo kuchepetsa magalasi, kulimbitsa mankhwala, ndi kudula molondola. Galasi iyi ndi yopyapyala kwambiri kuposa galasi wamba la mafoni, koma imaperekabe mawonekedwe olimba kuposa pulasitiki yeniyeni.
UTG ikayikidwa, opanga amawonjezera filimu yapadera yoteteza yomwe imathandiza kuchepetsa chiopsezo cha kukanda ndi kung'ambika kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Zigawozi zimayikidwa ndi lamination yolondola kwambiri, chifukwa ngakhale cholakwika chochepa kwambiri chingayambitse kupangika kapena kupangitsa kuti chophimba chikhale chosagwirizana ndi kukhudza.
7. Kuphatikiza ndi ma hinges ndi chimango: chinsinsi cha kupindika
Zophimba zopindika zimalumikizidwa mosalekanitsidwa ndi kapangidwe ka hinge. Hinge imatsimikizira radius yopindika, kuchuluka kwa kupanikizika pa panel, ndi kukula kwa mikwingwirima yooneka. Akamangirira chophimbacho ku chimango, opanga amaonetsetsa kuti:
- chinsalucho chimathandizidwa mofanana,
- malo opindika ali ndi malo okwanira oti munthu asunthire,
- kupanikizika kukatseka sikuwononga mkati mwa chipinda.
Mapangidwe ena amakono a hinge amayesanso kuchepetsa mpata pamene foni yapindidwa kuti fumbi lisalowe. Fumbi ndi mdani wamkulu wa zophimba zopindika, chifukwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono tingakanikizire pa bolodi kuchokera mkati ndikusiya zizindikiro zokhazikika.
8. Kuyesa kwabwino: kuyambira kupindika mobwerezabwereza mpaka kutentha kwambiri
Ma screen opindika asanayambe kugulitsidwa, amayesedwa mwamphamvu kwambiri kuti akhale olimba. Mayesowa cholinga chake ndi kuonetsetsa kuti screen ikugwira ntchito bwino ikagwiritsidwa ntchito kwa nthawi yayitali. Mayeso ena odziwika bwino ndi awa:
- Mayeso opindika: makinawo amapinda chinsalu nthawi zambirimbiri.
- Kuyesa kutentha ndi chinyezi: kumatsanzira momwe ogwiritsa ntchito alili m'malo osiyanasiyana.
- Kuyesa kwa kupanikizika ndi kugwedezeka: kumayesa kukana kupsinjika m'thumba kapena m'thumba.
- Kuyesa kukanda: kumayesa kukana kwa gawo lapamwamba ku zinthu zakuthwa.
- Mayeso ofanana a chiwonetsero: amayang'ana kufanana kwa mitundu, kuwala, ndi ma pixel akufa.
Ngati pali zolakwika monga mizere yopyapyala, kuthwanima, kapena malo okhudzidwa osagwira ntchito, gululo lidzachotsedwa ndikuwunika kuti lipeze komwe kwayambitsa vutoli, kaya kuchokera ku encapsulation, lamination, kapena backplane.
9. Mavuto opanga zinthu ndi malangizo atsopano
Kupanga chophimba chopindika kumakhala kovuta komanso kokwera mtengo kuposa zowonetsera zachikhalidwe. Kuchuluka kwa zokolola kumatha kukhala kwakukulu chifukwa zigawo zingapo ziyenera kukhala zolumikizidwa bwino pomwe zimakhala zosinthasintha. Kuphatikiza apo, kupangika kwa makwinya kumakhalabe vuto lomwe likupitilirabe kuthetsedwa.
Mtsogolomu, kupanga zinthu zatsopano kukuyembekezeka kubweretsa:
- zinthu zoteteza zolimba koma zosinthasintha,
- kapangidwe ka hinge komwe kamakanikiza mapindidwe pang'ono,
- masensa okhudza ndi zigawo zozungulira zomwe zimakhala zolimba kwambiri,
- komanso kupanga zowonetsera zozungulira zomwe zimafuna kusinthasintha kwakukulu.
Mapeto
Njira yopangira chinsalu cha foni yam'manja chopindika ndi kuphatikiza kovuta kwambiri kwa ukadaulo wowonetsera, sayansi ya zida, ndi uinjiniya wamakina. Kuyambira pa polyimide substrate ya backplane, mpaka kuyika kwa gawo lofewa la OLED, mpaka kuyikapo kopyapyala koteteza chinyezi, mpaka kuyika UTG ndikuphatikiza ndi hinge, zonse zimafuna kulondola kwambiri. Kupambana kwa foni yam'manja yopindika sikudalira kokha kapangidwe kake kakunja, komanso mtundu wa chowonetsera chomwe chimapangidwira, chomwe chimatha kupirira mapini ambirimbiri pomwe chikuwonetsa zithunzi zakuthwa komanso kuyankha kolondola.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kupanganso mtundu waukadaulo wa nkhaniyi (ndi ndondomeko yofanana ndi ya fakitale) kapena mtundu wopepuka kwa owerenga onse.
