Njira Yopangira Mafoni Anzeru a QHD
Mawonekedwe a QHD (Quad High Definition) akhala chinthu chofunikira kwambiri pa mafoni apakatikati mpaka mafoni apamwamba. Mawu akuti QHD m'mafoni nthawi zambiri amatanthauza resolution ya pafupifupi 2560 × 1440 pixels (kapena mtundu wokhala ndi chiŵerengero chowonjezera monga 3200 × 1440), chomwe chimapereka kuthwa kwapamwamba komanso tsatanetsatane wa zolemba, zithunzi, makanema, ndi zochitika zamasewera. Komabe, kumbuyo kwa mtundu wa chithunzicho chakuthwa kuli njira yovuta komanso yolondola kwambiri yopangira zinthu yogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wapamwamba. Nkhaniyi ikufotokoza magawo ofunikira a njira yopangira mawonedwe a QHD, kuyambira pakupanga mpaka kuyesa komaliza.
1. Kufotokozera kwa Panel ndi Kapangidwe ka Kapangidwe
Njira yopangira imayamba kale fakitale isanapange mapanelo. Gulu la R&D limapanga zofunikira: kukula kwa sikirini (monga mainchesi 6,5), mtundu wa panelo (OLED/AMOLED kapena LCD), liwiro lokonzanso (60 Hz, 120 Hz, kapena ngakhale 144 Hz), kuwala kwapamwamba, mphamvu yogwira ntchito, chithandizo cha HDR, ndi zolinga zoberekera mitundu (DCI-P3, sRGB) ndi kulondola (Delta E).
Gawoli limazindikiranso kapangidwe ka ma pixel (monga RGB stripe kapena Pentile pa OLED), kapangidwe ka aperture ratio (chiŵerengero cha malo otulutsa kuwala), ndi kapangidwe ka zigawo, zomwe zimakhudza kutumiza kwa kuwala, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, komanso kulimba. Pa QHD, vuto ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma pixel ambiri ali ndi kuwala kochuluka popanda kuwononga kuwala ndi magwiridwe antchito.
2. Kukonzekera kwa Substrate: Maziko a Panel
Chitsulocho ndi "maziko" omwe kapangidwe kake konse kamamangidwira. Mapanelo amakono a OLED a mafoni nthawi zambiri amagwiritsa ntchito magalasi owonda kwambiri kapena ma substrate osinthika okhala ndi polima (monga polyimide) kuti alole chinsalucho kupindika kapena kukhala ndi ma bezel owonda. Kwa ma LCD, chinsalucho nthawi zambiri chimakhala galasi.
Gawo lokonzekera limaphatikizapo kuyeretsa mankhwala, kuumitsa, ndi kuyang'ana pamwamba. Ngakhale tinthu tating'onoting'ono kapena zinthu zazing'onoting'ono zingayambitse ma pixel akufa, kutuluka kwa kuwala, kapena kusasintha kwa mitundu. Chifukwa chake, njirayi imachitika m'chipinda choyera kwambiri.
3. Njira ya TFT Backplane: Pixel Control “Circuit”
OLED ndi LCD zonse zimafuna TFT (Thin Film Transistor) ngati backplane, netiweki ya ma transistors omwe amalamulira pixel iliyonse. Ichi ndi chimodzi mwa zinthu zovuta kwambiri chifukwa QHD resolution imatanthauza kuchuluka kwa ma pixel; pixel iliyonse ili ndi ma subpixel omwe amafunika kuwongoleredwa, zomwe zimawonjezera zovuta za circuit.
Njira zonse zopangira TFT zikuphatikizapo:
1. Kuyika filimu yopyapyala: Zinthu zoyezera kutentha (monga LTPS—Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Silicon kapena LTPO—Low-Temperature Polycrystalline Oxide) zimayikidwa pa substrate.
2. Photolithography: Kapangidwe ka transistor circuit kamasindikizidwa pogwiritsa ntchito photoresist ndi chigoba. Njirayi imatsimikizira kulondola kwa kukula kwa chinthucho, kuphatikizapo njanji zachitsulo ndi dera la transistor.
3. Kudula ndi kuyeretsa: Zigawo zosafunikira zimachotsedwa kudzera mu njira ya mankhwala/plasma.
4. Kuphimba: Kutentha kolamulidwa kuti kusinthe kapangidwe ka kristalo ndikuwonjezera kuyenda kwa ma elekitironi.
Ukadaulo wa LTPO ukutchuka kwambiri mu ma QHD screens okhala ndi ma adaptive refresh rates chifukwa cha mphamvu zake zambiri. Komabe, njira yake yopangira ndi yovuta kwambiri chifukwa imaphatikiza makhalidwe a LTPS ndi oxide.
4. Kupanga kwa Emission Layer (OLED) kapena Liquid Crystal Layer (LCD)
Pakadali pano, kayendedwe ka ndondomeko kamasiyana pang'ono kutengera mtundu wa panel.
a) Ngati QHD OLED/AMOLED
Mapanelo a OLED amafunikira gawo lachilengedwe lotulutsa kuwala. Gawoli limapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira monga vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE) pogwiritsa ntchito chigoba chachitsulo chofewa (FMM), kapena njira zina monga kusindikiza inkjet m'njira zina zopangira.
– Chigoba Chachitsulo Chabwino (FMM): Chigoba chopyapyala kwambiri chimagwiritsidwa ntchito kuyika zinthu zachilengedwe za RGB m'malo olondola a subpixel. Pa ma resolution apamwamba monga QHD, kulondola kwa kulinganiza ndikofunikira kwambiri. Chigobacho chimatha kupindika kapena kusokonekera chifukwa cha kutentha, zomwe zimafuna mphamvu yamagetsi yolimba komanso kuwongolera kutentha.
– Magawo a Cathode ndi anode: Ma electrode owonekera bwino (monga ITO—Indium Tin Oxide) ndi zigawo zina zachitsulo zimapanga kapangidwe ka diode yachilengedwe.
Pambuyo poika zinthuzo, mapanelo ayenera kutetezedwa ku chinyezi ndi mpweya, chifukwa zinthu zachilengedwe zimakhala zovuta kwambiri.
b) Ngati QHD LCD
Ma LCD samatulutsa kuwala okha ndipo amafuna kuwala kwakumbuyo. Kapangidwe kake kakakulu ndi:
- Kulinganiza gawo kuti musinthe momwe makhiristo amadzimadzi amayendera
- Malo osungiramo zinthu kuti zitsimikizire kuti mtunda pakati pa galasi ndi wofanana
- Kudzaza madzi a kristalo kudzera mu njira yodzaza vacuum
- Chotsekera kuti chitseke mapanelo
Mu ma LCD a QHD, mavuto akulu akuphatikizapo kufanana kwa kugawa kwa makristalo amadzimadzi ndi kuwongolera makulidwe kuti apewe kusiyana kwa kusiyana kapena kutayikira kwa kuwala.
5. Chosefera cha Utoto ndi Polarizer (Makamaka pa LCD)
Mu ma LCD, zosefera zamitundu ndi zigawo zofunika kwambiri popanga mitundu yofiira, yobiriwira, ndi yabuluu. Zoseferazi zimapangidwa kudzera mu njira yobwerezabwereza ya photolithography ya mtundu uliwonse. Pambuyo pake, polarizer imayikidwa kuti ilamulire polarization ya kuwala, zomwe zimathandiza LCD "kutseka" kapena "kudutsa" kuwala kuchokera ku backlight.
Mu ma OLED, ma polarizer angagwiritsidwenso ntchito (monga kuchepetsa kuwunikira), koma mapangidwe ena amakono amagwiritsa ntchito njira zina monga zophimba zotsutsana ndi kuwunikira (AR) ndi njira zabwino kwambiri zozungulira za polarizer.
6. Kuphimba: Kumateteza gululo ku chilengedwe
Kuphimba ndi njira yogwiritsira ntchito chophimba choteteza, makamaka chofunika kwambiri pa ma OLED. Pali njira ziwiri zodziwika bwino:
- Kuphimba magalasi (kolimba kwambiri, kofala m'mapangidwe ena)
– Thin-Film Encapsulation (TFE) (yomwe imapezeka kwambiri mu ma OLED osinthasintha), yomwe ndi zigawo zingapo zoonda zosapangidwa ndi organic zomwe zimakonzedwa mobwerezabwereza kuti madzi/oxygen isalowe.
Kuphimba denga kuyenera kukhala kolimba kwambiri; kutayikira pang'ono kungayambitse "madontho akuda" omwe amakula pakapita nthawi chifukwa cha kuwonongeka kwa zinthu zachilengedwe.
7. Kusintha kwa Ma Module: Kuphatikiza Ma Panel mu Screen Module
Gawo loyambira likamalizidwa, ndondomekoyi imapita ku gawo la module. Apa, gululo limaphatikizidwa ndi zigawo zothandizira:
- Galasi lophimba (monga Galasi la Gorilla)
- Sensa yokhudza (mkati mwa foni, pa foni, kapena padera)
- Chomatira chowonekera bwino (OCA) cha lamination yopanda thovu
- Choyendetsa cha IC ndi chingwe chofewa (FPC) cholumikizira ku bolodi la amayi
Kupaka utoto ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri: fumbi kapena thovu zimakhudza kwambiri khalidwe. Pa zowonetsera za QHD, zolakwika zazing'ono zimatha kuwoneka bwino chifukwa kuthwa kwambiri kumapangitsa kuti zikhale zosavuta kuzizindikira.
8. Kukonza Mitundu ndi Zokonzera Ma Parameter Optical
Mapanelo a QHD nthawi zambiri amapangidwa kuti awonetse mitundu yolondola komanso yofanana. Chifukwa chakuti kusiyanasiyana kwa mapangidwe kungayambitse kusiyana kwa mawonekedwe pakati pa mapanelo, opanga:
- Kuwerengera mfundo zoyera (monga D65)
- Kulinganiza kwa Gamma
- Muyeso wa malo okhala ndi utoto (sRGB/DCI-P3)
- Kusintha kofanana kwa kuwala
Kuwerengera kumeneku kungasungidwe ngati mbiri mu memori ya panel kapena kulipidwa ndi mapulogalamu pa chipangizocho.
9. Kuwongolera Ubwino: Kuyesa Kolimba Kuti Zisunge Kugwirizana
Ma panel asanatumizidwe ku assembly ya mafoni a m'manja, mayeso angapo amachitika:
- Kuyang'ana kwa Pixel: kumazindikira ma pixel akufa/okhazikika kapena subpixel yosagwirizana
- Mayeso ofanana: amayang'ana kusinthasintha kwa mtundu ndi kuwala
– Kuyesa kutentha (OLED yokha): kuyendetsa gululo pansi pa mikhalidwe ina kuti mukhazikitse makhalidwe oyamba ndikupeza mavuto omwe angakhalepo msanga.
- Kuyesa kukhudza: kumatsimikizira kuyankha kosalala komanso kolondola kwa kukhudza
- Mayeso odalirika: mayeso a kutentha/chinyezi, mayeso otsitsa module, kayendedwe ka kutentha, ndi mayeso okalamba
Magulu omwe sakwaniritsa zomwe akufuna adzasinthidwa (kusungidwa) kapena kukanidwa.
10. Mavuto Aakulu Pakupanga Ziwonetsero za QHD
Kuonjezera mphamvu ya QHD kumawonjezera mtolo pazinthu zambiri pakupanga. Kufunika kwa kuchuluka kwa ma pixel:
- Kujambula zithunzi molondola kwambiri
- Chigoba cholimba komanso chogwirizana (OLED yokhala ndi FMM yokha)
- Madalaivala a IC ndi njira zazizindikiro zomwe zimatha kusamalira deta yayikulu
- Sinthani mphamvu kuti batri igwire bwino ntchito
Kuphatikiza apo, QHD nthawi zambiri imagwirizanitsidwa ndi mitengo yotsitsimula kwambiri, yomwe imafuna ukadaulo wapamwamba kwambiri wa backplane (monga LTPO) komanso kukonza bwino pakati pa hardware ndi mapulogalamu.
Kutseka
Njira yopangira ma smartphone screen a QHD ndi kuphatikiza kwa sayansi ya zinthu, uinjiniya wa semiconductor, ndi kuwongolera kwapamwamba kwambiri. Kuyambira pakupanga kovuta kwa TFT backplane, mpaka kuyika kwa emissive layer kapena liquid crystal, mpaka kuyika kwa encapsulation ndi color calibration, sitepe iliyonse iyenera kuchitika molondola kwambiri. Zotsatira zake ndi chiwonetsero chakuthwa, chokongola, komanso choyankha - chinthu chomwe nthawi zambiri chimakhala nkhope ya ogwiritsa ntchito mafoni amakono.
Ngati mukufuna, nditha kusintha nkhaniyi kuti ikhale yaukadaulo kwambiri (monga kukambirana za LTPO vs LTPS, kapangidwe ka Pentile subpixel, kapena tsatanetsatane wa sitepe ya photolithography), kapena yotchuka komanso yosavuta kumva kwa owerenga ambiri.
