Mbiri ya Kukula kwa Chikomyunizimu Padziko Lonse
Chikomyunizimu, mfundo zandale komanso zachuma zomwe zimalimbikitsa kuchotsedwa kwa katundu wa anthu payekha komanso kukhazikitsa gulu lopanda magulu, lili ndi mbiri yayitali komanso yovuta. Kuyambira pamene linapangidwa m'zaka za m'ma 19, chikomyunizimu chakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndale, ndi zachuma m'maiko ambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Nkhaniyi ifufuza za chitukuko cha chikomyunizimu kuyambira pachiyambi chake mpaka udindo wake mu ndale zapadziko lonse lapansi masiku ano.
Mizu ya Malingaliro: Marx ndi Engels
Chikomyunizimu chamakono chimagwirizana kwambiri ndi Karl Marx ndi Friedrich Engels, anzeru awiri aku Germany omwe adafufuza lingaliro la utopia la anthu opanda magulu. Mu 1848, adasindikiza "Communist Manifesto," akuyitanitsa antchito padziko lonse lapansi kuti agwirizane motsutsana ndi nkhanza za capitalist. Marx ndi Engels adawonetsa mbiri ngati mndandanda wa mikangano yamagulu pakati pa oponderezedwa ndi amphamvu, ndipo adawona kusintha kwa antchito ngati njira yopezera ufulu ku dongosolo lopondereza la capitalist.
Malinga ndi Marx ndi Engels, m'gulu la anthu okonda chikomyunizimu, njira zopangira zinthu zinkakhala za anthu onse, ndipo kugawa katundu kunkadalira zosowa osati phindu. Lingaliro lawo linkadalira pa kutsutsa ulamuliro wa capitalism, womwe ankauona ngati dongosolo lomwe silimangopanga kusalingana kwachuma komanso limalanda anthu ufulu wawo.
Kusintha kwa Russia ndi Kupangidwa kwa Soviet Union
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri m'mbiri zomwe zinapangitsa kuti chikomyunizimu chikhalepo chinali kusintha kwa dziko la Russia mu 1917. A Bolshevik, gulu la chipani cha chikomyunizimu cha ku Russia chotsogozedwa ndi Vladimir Lenin, adapambana kugwetsa boma la Russia lokhazikika ndikukhazikitsa boma loyamba la chikomyunizimu padziko lonse lapansi. Lenin adasintha ziphunzitso za Marx kuti zigwirizane ndi zomwe zikuchitika ku Russia, zomwe zidawasiyanitsa ndi ziphunzitso zoyambirira za Marx.
Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Soviet Union motsogozedwa ndi Lenin kunapitilizidwa ndi Joseph Stalin pambuyo pa imfa ya Lenin mu 1924. Mu ulamuliro wa Stalin, Soviet Union inakula mofulumira koma pamavuto aakulu, kuphatikizapo kuchotsedwa kwa ndale mwankhanza komanso kugwira ntchito mokakamiza m'boma la Gulag. Komabe, Soviet Union inakhala imodzi mwa mphamvu zazikulu padziko lonse m'zaka za m'ma 20 komanso kufalitsa mfundo zazikulu za chikomyunizimu.
Kukula kwa Chikomyunizimu ku Asia: Nkhani ya China
Ku Asia, chikomyunizimu chinakhudza kwambiri kukhazikitsidwa kwa People's Republic of China mu 1949 pambuyo pa nkhondo yapachiweniweni yayitali. Mtsogoleri wa chikomyunizimu waku China Mao Zedong anagonjetsa Kuomintang ndipo anakhazikitsa kusintha kwakukulu kwa ulimi ndi mfundo zamafakitale. Mu ulamuliro wa Mao, China idakumana ndi mavuto azachuma, kuphatikizapo Chisinthiko cha Chikhalidwe ndi Great Leap Forward, zomwe zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri komanso chuma chawo ziwonongeke.
Pambuyo pa imfa ya Mao mu 1976, Deng Xiaoping adatenga udindo ndipo anayamba kuyambitsa kusintha kwachuma komwe kunatsegula misika ya China kumayiko akunja. Ngakhale kuti anali ndi ulamuliro wolimba pandale, Deng adakwanitsa kusintha China kukhala mphamvu yayikulu yazachuma pogwiritsa ntchito njira yomwe idaphatikiza zinthu zamsika mkati mwa dongosolo la chipani chimodzi.
Nkhondo Yozizira ndi Kufalikira kwa Chikomyunizimu Padziko Lonse
Nkhondo Yozizira inali nthawi ina yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya chitukuko cha chikomyunizimu. Pambuyo pa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse, dziko lonse linagawika m'magulu awiri otsutsana: gulu la Kumadzulo, lotsogozedwa ndi United States ndi mfundo zake zachikapitalisti-demokalase, ndi gulu la Kum'mawa, lotsogozedwa ndi Soviet Union ndi mfundo zake zachikomyunizimu.
Mayiko ambiri ku Eastern Europe, monga Poland, Romania, ndi East Germany, anakhala mayiko ogwirizana ndi Soviet Union, zomwe zinayambitsa boma la chikomyunizimu. Kumalo ena, monga ku Africa ndi Latin America, magulu osiyanasiyana a zigawenga za chikomyunizimu adabuka, nthawi zambiri mothandizidwa ndi Soviet Union kapena China.
Pa nthawi ya Nkhondo Yozizira, mikangano pakati pa mayiko ochirikizidwa ndi US ndi omwe akuthandiza Soviet Union inkachitika kawirikawiri, monga ku Korea ndi Vietnam. Ku Vietnam, pambuyo pa nkhondo yayitali yomwe idatha mu 1975, dzikolo linagwirizana pansi pa ulamuliro wa chikomyunizimu.
Mavuto ndi Kugwa kwa Chikomyunizimu cha Soviet
Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980, Soviet Union ndi ogwirizana nayo anayamba kukumana ndi mavuto aakulu azachuma ndi ndale. Kusintha komwe kunayambitsidwa ndi Mikhail Gorbachev, monga Perestroika (kukonzanso zachuma) ndi Glasnost (kutseguka kwa ndale), sikunathe kupulumutsa dongosolo lomwe linali litatsala pang'ono kugwa.
Mu 1991, Soviet Union inatha mwalamulo, zomwe zinasonyeza kutha kwa ulamuliro wa chikomyunizimu ku Eastern Europe. Mayiko ambiri akale a Soviet Union ndi ma satellite awo anayamba kusintha kupita ku zachuma zamsika ndi machitidwe andale a demokalase, ngakhale kuti kusinthaku sikunali kophweka nthawi zonse.
Chikomyunizimu m'zaka za m'ma 21
Ngakhale kuti mphamvu ya chikomyunizimu padziko lonse lapansi yachepa kuyambira pomwe Soviet Union idagwa, malingaliro ake akadalipo ndipo akugwira ntchito m'malo ena padziko lapansi. China ikadali dziko lachikomyunizimu lopambana kwambiri pazachuma, ngakhale lili ndi chitsanzo chomwe chasinthidwa kwambiri ku capitalism. North Korea ikadali chitsanzo cha dziko lomwe lili ndi ulamuliro wolimba wa chikomyunizimu, ngakhale kuti latenga njira yosiyana kwambiri, kusonyeza mtundu woopsa wa ulamuliro wankhanza.
Ku Latin America, mayiko ena, monga Cuba ndi Venezuela, akadali ndi maboma otsogozedwa ndi mfundo za chikomyunizimu, ngakhale akukumana ndi mavuto osiyanasiyana azachuma ndi ndale. Magulu a anthu ozikidwa pa mfundo za Marxist akadali ofunika m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lonse lapansi, makamaka pakati pa olimbikitsa ufulu wa anthu ndi zachuma.
Mapeto
Mbiri ya chitukuko cha chikomyunizimu padziko lonse lapansi ndi nkhani yosangalatsa yokhudza nkhondo ya magulu, kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu, ndi kusintha kwa ndale. Kuyambira Marx ndi Engels, omwe adapanga malingaliro ake oyambira, kudzera mu kusintha kwakukulu ku Russia ndi China, mpaka nkhondo yapadziko lonse ya Nkhondo Yozizira, chikomyunizimu chasiya chizindikiro chachikulu m'mbiri ya anthu. Ngakhale kuti mphamvu zake zachepa poyerekeza ndi pachimake chake m'zaka za m'ma 20, malingaliro a chikomyunizimu akadali ofunikira ndipo amakhudza ndale ndi chikhalidwe cha anthu m'madera osiyanasiyana padziko lapansi.
