Mbiri ya Chitukuko cha ku Sumeriya ndi Cholowa Chake
Chitukuko cha ku Sumeriya chimaonedwa kuti ndi chimodzi mwa zakale kwambiri komanso zotchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu. Chikukula m'chigawo cha Mesopotamia (Iraq yamasiku ano), chinachita gawo lofunika kwambiri pakukula kwa chikhalidwe, ukadaulo, ndi boma zomwe zikupitilizabe kutikhudza lero.
Chiyambi cha Moyo wa ku Sumeriya
Chitukuko cha ku Sumeriya chinayamba kuonekera cha m'ma 4500 BC m'zigwa za Tigris ndi Firate River. Dera limeneli, lodziwika kuti Mesopotamia, linapereka nthaka yachonde yoyenera ulimi. A Sumeriya sanali okhawo omwe anakula bwino ku Mesopotamiya, koma anali oyamba kupanga mizinda yovuta komanso yotsogola. Chiyambi cha moyo wa ku Sumeriya chimadziwika ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mizinda ingapo yoyambirira, monga Eridu, Ur, Uruk, ndi Lagash.
Kapangidwe ka Anthu ndi Ndale
Sumer ankadziwika ndi dongosolo lake lovuta la chikhalidwe ndi ndale. Anali ndi ulamuliro womveka bwino wa chikhalidwe, wokhala ndi mfumu kapena wolamulira pamwamba, wotsatiridwa ndi anthu olemekezeka, amalonda, amisiri, alimi, ndi akapolo. Mafumu a ku Sumer nthawi zambiri ankafotokozedwa ngati oimira milungu padziko lapansi, motero kuwonjezera kuvomerezeka kwa ulamuliro wawo.
Dongosolo la ndale la ku Sumeriya linkadziwika ndi mizinda yodziyimira payokha yomwe nthawi zambiri inkamenyana kuti ikhale ndi mphamvu komanso ulamuliro pa nthaka yachonde. Mizinda yonseyi inali ndi mulungu wake woiteteza, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale makachisi akuluakulu omwe timawadziwa kuti ziggurats.
Chipembedzo ndi Nthano
Zikhulupiriro za ku Sumeriya zinkakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi nthano ndi gulu la milungu. Ankakhulupirira kuti milungu imeneyi inkalamulira mbali iliyonse ya moyo, kuyambira pa chonde cha dziko mpaka zochitika zachilengedwe monga kusefukira kwa madzi. Milungu ina ikuluikulu mu nthano za ku Sumeriya ndi monga An (mulungu wakumwamba), Enlil (mulungu wa mphepo ndi mpweya), Inanna (mulungu wamkazi wachikondi ndi nkhondo), ndi Enki (mulungu wamadzi ndi nzeru).
Anthu a ku Sumeriya anali anthu oyamba kupanga limodzi mwa machitidwe achipembedzo okonzedwa bwino komanso otchuka kwambiri. Matamando ndi mapemphero kwa milungu analembedwa m'njira ya nyimbo ndi ndakatulo, zomwe zambiri mwa izo zinatsala m'malemba a cuneiform pa mapale adothi.
Kulemba ndi Maphunziro
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe anthu a ku Sumeriya anakwaniritsa chinali kupanga njira yolembera yotchedwa cuneiform. Kalembedwe ka cuneiform aka, komwe kanagwiritsidwa ntchito koyamba cha m'ma 3400 BC, kanathandiza kuti mbiri yakale, kayendetsedwe ka ntchito, komanso mabuku alembedwe. Kapangidwe kameneka kanakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha zolemba padziko lonse lapansi.
Sumer analinso ndi njira yophunzirira yotsogola bwino, komwe ana (makamaka ochokera m'mabanja olemera) anaphunzira kuwerenga ndi kulemba m'mabungwe odziwika kuti 'edubba', kapena nyumba zamapiritsi. Anaphunziranso masamu, zakuthambo, ndi malamulo, zomwe zonse zinayambitsa chitukuko cha anthu ambiri pambuyo pake.
Zomwe Zachitika mu Ukadaulo ndi Sayansi
Chitukuko cha ku Sumeriya chimadziwika ndi luso lake laukadaulo. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe adapanga chinali gudumu, lomwe poyamba linkagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga miphika kenako ponyamula. Kugwiritsa ntchito dongo popanga mapiritsi olembera kunalinso chinthu chodabwitsa kwambiri, chomwe chinathandiza kuti chidziwitso chilembedwe koyamba m'mbiri ya anthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, anthu a ku Sumeriya adapanga njira yovuta yothirira madzi kuti azitha kuyendetsa bwino madzi a mitsinje ya Tigris ndi Firate kuti awonjezere zokolola zaulimi. Adapanganso kalendala yomwe idakhala maziko a kalendala yamakono komanso anali ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba cha zakuthambo ndi masamu.
Zaluso ndi Zomangamanga
Sumer analinso ndi luso lochuluka komanso zomangamanga. Ziggurats ndi zitsanzo zabwino kwambiri za zomangamanga zazikulu za ku Sumeriya. Nyumbazi zikuyimira cholowa chachikulu, chomwe chimagwira ntchito ngati akachisi ndi malo oyendetsera mizinda ikuluikulu ya ku Sumeriya. Kuphatikiza apo, ziboliboli ndi zojambula zawo zimasonyeza tsatanetsatane wodabwitsa komanso wolondola, monga momwe zimaonekera m'zinthu zakale monga chigoba cha Warka ndi chifaniziro cha Gudea.
Malamulo ndi Makhalidwe Abwino
Malamulo a Hammurabi nthawi zambiri amaonedwa kuti ndi amodzi mwa malamulo akale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, ngakhale kuti kwenikweni anachokera ku Babulo. Komabe, magwero a ku Sumeriya akusonyeza kuti malamulo olembedwa akale mwina analipo kumeneko, omwe ankalamulira mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo watsiku ndi tsiku, kuyambira malonda mpaka ukwati.
Cholowa ndi Mphamvu
Chikoka cha chitukuko cha Asumeriya chinakhalapo nthawi yayitali iwo atasowa m'mbiri. Anagonjetsedwa ndi Akkadian cha m'ma 2334 BC, koma chikhalidwe chawo ndi chidziwitso chawo chinatengedwa ndi ogonjetsawo ndipo chinasungidwa m'zikhalidwe za Ababulo ndi Asuri pambuyo pake.
Umboni weniweni wa cholowa ichi ukhoza kuwoneka m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zinthu zakale, monga mapale adothi opangidwa ndi cuneiform, ziboliboli, ndi mabwinja a ziggurats. Zinthu zakalezi zapezeka panthawi yofukula zinthu zakale zamakono m'malo ofunikira ofukula zinthu zakale monga Uruk, Ur, ndi Nippur.
Kupambana kwa anthu a ku Sumeriya mu ulimi, malonda, kulemba, ndi sayansi kunathandiza kwambiri pakukula kwa chitukuko chachikulu cha ku Mesopotamiya, komanso, momwe chitukuko chikuyendera padziko lonse lapansi.
Mapeto
Monga chimodzi mwa zitukuko zoyambirira padziko lonse lapansi, anthu a ku Sumeriya anakhazikitsa maziko ambiri a moyo wamakono. Kudzera mu zatsopano mu zolemba, malamulo, chipembedzo, ndi ukadaulo, anasiya cholowa chosatha kwa anthu. Ngakhale kuti chitukukocho chinatha zaka mazana ambiri zapitazo, mphamvu zake zimamveka m'mbali zofunika za chikhalidwe ndi ukadaulo zomwe timasangalala nazo masiku ano.
Kumvetsetsa ndi kuyamikira chitukuko cha ku Sumeriya sikuti ndikofunikira kokha m'mbiri, komanso kumatithandiza kuzindikira momwe anthu apitira patsogolo komanso zomwe zikutilimbikitsabe mpaka pano.
