Kukula kwa Chihindu ku South Asia
Pendauluan
Chihindu, chomwe nthawi zambiri chimatchedwa chipembedzo chakale kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, chili ndi mbiri yolemera komanso yovuta yomwe yatenga zaka masauzande ambiri. Sikuti changothandiza kwambiri pakupanga chikhalidwe ndi ndale za ku South Asia kokha, komanso chathandizanso kwambiri pakukula kwa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya zaluso, mabuku, ndi filosofi. Nkhaniyi ikufuna kufufuza za chitukuko cha Chihindu ku South Asia, kuyambira pachiyambi chake mpaka udindo wake m'dziko lamakono.
Chiyambi ndi Chiyambi
Chihindu chimakhulupirira kuti chinayambira mu chitukuko cha Indus Valley, chomwe chinakula cha m'ma 2000 BC. Umboni wa zinthu zakale umasonyeza miyambo yachipembedzo yomwe inasonyeza zinthu zomwe pambuyo pake zinakhala zofunika kwambiri ku Chihindu, monga kulambira milungu inayake ndi kugwiritsa ntchito zizindikiro zopatulika. Komabe, Chihindu monga momwe timachidziwira masiku ano chimanenedwa molondola kuti chinayamba mu nthawi ya Vedic (1500–500 BC), pamene ma Veda, mabuku opatulika akale kwambiri a chipembedzocho, anasonkhanitsidwa.
Malemba a Vedic, kuphatikizapo Rigveda, Samaveda, Yajurveda, ndi Atharvaveda, amapereka chidziwitso chakuya pa miyambo, nzeru, ndi sayansi ya zakuthambo zomwe zimapanga maziko a mwambo wachipembedzowu. Kusonkhanitsa ma Upanishad, omwe amadziwika kuti gawo lomaliza la ma Veda, kunayambitsa mfundo zafilosofi monga Brahman (zenizeni zenizeni) ndi Atman (moyo wa munthu aliyense), zomwe zinakhala maziko a masukulu osiyanasiyana amalingaliro mkati mwa Chihindu cha pambuyo pake.
Nyengo Zazikulu ndi Zakale
Nthawi yotsatira nthawi ya Vedic imadziwika kuti nthawi ya Epic ndi Classical, kuyambira m'zaka za m'ma 5 BC mpaka m'zaka za m'ma 9 AD. Nthawi imeneyi imadziwika ndi zolemba ziwiri zazikulu, Mahabharata ndi Ramayana, zomwe sizili zolemba zofunika zokha komanso zimapereka ziphunzitso zakuya zamakhalidwe abwino ndi zachipembedzo. Bhagavad Gita, yomwe ndi gawo la Mahabharata, ndi buku lodziwika bwino la filosofi lomwe lili ndi ziphunzitso za karma (zochita), dharma (ntchito), ndi bhakti (kudzipereka).
Munthawi imeneyi, Chihindu chinayamba kukula m'miyambo ndi machitidwe achipembedzo. Kulambira milungu inayake, monga Vishnu, Shiva, ndi Devi, kunakula kwambiri, ndipo magulu monga Vaishnavism, Shaivism, ndi Shaktism anakula. Kuphatikiza apo, kumanga akachisi okongola kunayamba kukula, zomwe zinalimbitsa udindo wa chipembedzo m'miyoyo ya anthu komanso yandale.
Mphamvu ya Ufumu ndi Kufalikira kwa Zigawo
Pamene maufumu akuluakulu monga Mauryan, Gupta, ndi Chola anayamba kukula, Chihindu chinalandira thandizo lachifumu, zomwe zinathandiza kufalitsa ndi kulimbikitsa ufumuwo ku South Asia konse. Ufumu wa Mauryan womwe unali pansi pa Ashoka, ngakhale kuti unali wotchuka chifukwa chochirikiza Chibuda, nawonso unathandiza kufalitsa Chihindu kudzera m'zolemba ndi zipilala.
Ufumu wa Gupta, womwe unkaonedwa kuti ndi "Nyengo Yagolide" ya Chihindu, unawona kupita patsogolo kwakukulu mu zaluso, mabuku, ndi sayansi. Zifaniziro zokongola za milungu ya Chihindu ndi zolemba zofunika monga Kamasutra ndi Puranas zinayamba nthawi imeneyi, zomwe zikusonyeza momwe chipembedzo chinakhudzira kwambiri moyo watsiku ndi tsiku.
Kufalikira kwa Chihindu sikunali ku India kokha. Kudzera mu malonda ndi mishoni zachikhalidwe, ziphunzitso za Chihindu zinafika m'madera monga Indonesia, Cambodia, ndi Thailand, komwe zinthu za Chihindu zikupitirirabe m'zikhalidwe zakomweko mpaka lero.
Nyengo ya Zaka za m'ma 500 ndi Zotsatira za Chisilamu
M'zaka zapakati panali vuto lalikulu ku Chihindu pamene mafumu achisilamu anafika omwe anakhazikitsa maufumu osiyanasiyana ku India, monga Delhi Sultanate ndi Mughal Empire. Ngakhale kuti nthawi zina ulamuliro wachisilamu unali ndi mikangano ndi kuwonongedwa kwa malo opatulika achihindu, panalinso nthawi zogwirizanitsa ndi kusintha chikhalidwe, ndi olamulira ena achisilamu omwe ankathandizira kumanga kachisi ndi zochitika zachipembedzo.
Munthawi imeneyi, Chihindu chinawonanso kukwera kwa gulu la Bhakti, lomwe linkalimbikitsa kudzipereka kwa munthu payekha kwa mulungu winawake kudzera mu ndakatulo ndi nyimbo. Anthu monga Kabir, Tulsidas, ndi Mirabai adafotokoza ziphunzitso zodziwika bwino komanso zodziwika bwino, zomwe zinakopa otsatira ochokera m'mitundu yonse.
Nthawi ya Akoloni ndi Kukwera kwa Masiku Ano
Pamene nthawi ya atsamunda inayamba m'zaka za m'ma 17, Chihindu chinakumana ndi mavuto atsopano komanso kusintha. Kulamulidwa ndi Britain kunabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu pa chikhalidwe cha anthu ndi zachuma ku India, ndipo anzeru achihindu anayamba kusintha ndikusintha ziphunzitso zawo zachikhalidwe kuti akwaniritse zovuta za masiku ano. Anthu osintha zinthu monga Raja Ram Mohan Roy ndi Swami Vivekananda adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri poyambitsa Chihindu padziko lonse lapansi, komanso akugogomezera kusintha kwa chikhalidwe cha anthu monga kuthetsedwa kwa sati ndi maphunziro a akazi.
Nthawi imeneyi idawonanso kubuka kwa magulu andale omwe adagwiritsa ntchito umunthu wa Chihindu ngati chida cholimbana ndi ukoloni wa ku Britain. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru ndi Mahatma Gandhi, ngakhale kuti anali ndi maganizo andale, nthawi zambiri ankagwiritsa ntchito ziphunzitso za Chihindu kuti alimbikitse mzimu wodziyimira pawokha pakati pa anthu ambiri.
Chihindu M'dziko Lamakono
Masiku ano, Chihindu chikupitirizabe kusintha ndikusintha malinga ndi nthawi yosintha. Ku India, Chihindu chikukumana ndi mavuto ovuta okhudza kusintha kwa zinthu komanso kufalikira kwa zinthu padziko lonse lapansi, komabe chikupitirizabe kukhala ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. Kumangidwa kwa akachisi amakono ndi chikondwerero cha zikondwerero zazikulu monga Diwali ndi Holi zimasonyeza mphamvu ya chipembedzo m'nthawi yamakono.
Kuphatikiza apo, kufalikira kwa Ahindu padziko lonse lapansi kwathandiza kulimbikitsa ndi kufalitsa ziphunzitso za chipembedzochi m'maiko osiyanasiyana. Ku United States, United Kingdom, Canada, ndi mayiko ena, madera a Ahindu akupita patsogolo, akukhazikitsa akachisi, malo ochitira zikhalidwe, ndi mabungwe olimbikitsa makhalidwe a Ahindu ndikuthandizira kusunga chikhalidwe chawo.
Mapeto
Kukula kwa Chihindu ku South Asia ndi nkhani yayitali, yokhala ndi zaka zikwi zambiri za kusintha kwa chikhalidwe, ndale, ndi zauzimu. Kuyambira pomwe chinayambira ku Indus Valley mpaka pomwe chinagwira ntchito m'dziko lamakono, Chihindu chawonetsa kuthekera kodabwitsa kosintha ndi kupirira. Ngakhale kuti pali mavuto ambiri, chipembedzochi chikadali mphamvu yofunikira popanga umunthu ndi miyoyo ya anthu ku South Asia ndi padziko lonse lapansi. Mwa kuphunzira ndikuyamikira mwambowu, titha kupeza chidziwitso chakuya cha zakale ndi tsogolo la chipembedzo cholemera komanso chosiyanasiyanachi.
