Zochitika Zomvetsa Chisoni za Kuphulika kwa Mabomba ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki
Kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki mu Ogasiti 1945 kunali chimodzi mwa zinthu zoopsa kwambiri zomwe zinachitika m'mbiri ya anthu masiku ano. Mizinda iwiri ya ku Japan inaona kugwiritsa ntchito zida za nyukiliya koyamba ndi kachiwiri pankhondo, osati kungothetsa miyoyo yambiri m'masekondi ochepa komanso kusiya zotsatira zokhalitsa za matenda, zoopsa, ndi kuwonongeka kwa chikhalidwe komwe kunatenga zaka zambiri. Mpaka pano, tsokali likukumbutsabe zoopsa za nkhondo ndi mphamvu yowononga ya ukadaulo wa zida.
Chiyambi: Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse ndi Mavuto ku Pacific
Mu theka loyamba la zaka za m'ma 20, dziko lonse lapansi linakhudzidwa ndi Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse (1939-1945), yomwe inakhudza mayiko ambiri ndipo inachititsa kuti anthu ambiri aphedwe. Ku Pacific, Japan inayamba kukhala mphamvu yaikulu yankhondo. Pambuyo poukira Pearl Harbor pa Disembala 7, 1941, Japan inamenyana mwachindunji ndi United States. Nkhondo ku Pacific inali yoopsa, yodziwika ndi kulanda zilumba ndi kuvulala kwakukulu mbali zonse ziwiri.
Pofika mu 1945, malo a Japan anali atayamba kukhala ovuta kwambiri. Mizinda yambiri inali itawonongedwa ndi mabomba achikhalidwe, njira zake zoyendetsera zinthu zinafooka chifukwa cha kutsekedwa kwa misewu, ndipo mphamvu zake zamafakitale zinali kuchepa. Komabe, Japan sinasonyeze zizindikiro za kugonja mopanda malire. Pakadali pano, United States inali ndi ziyembekezo kuti kuukira dziko la Japan kungawononge asilikali ndi anthu wamba zikwizikwi. Pachifukwa ichi, zida za nyukiliya zinkaonedwa ngati njira yokakamiza Japan kuti igonje mwachangu.
Manhattan Project ndi Zida za Nyukiliya
Zida zomwe zinaponyedwa pa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki zinali zotsatira za Manhattan Project, pulogalamu yofufuzira yachinsinsi ya United States yomwe inayamba mu 1942 kuti ipange bomba la atomiki. Ntchitoyi inaphatikizapo asayansi otsogola ndipo inathandizidwa ndi zinthu zambiri. Pambuyo pa kuyesa koyamba kwa nyukiliya ku New Mexico Desert pa Julayi 16, 1945 (Trinity Test), bomba la atomu linaonedwa kuti ndi lokonzeka kugwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondo.
Chisankho chogwiritsa ntchito mabomba a atomiki chinali chogwirizana kwambiri ndi mkangano wa makhalidwe abwino ndi wanzeru. Ena ankakhulupirira kuti zingathandize kuti nkhondoyo ithe mofulumira ndikuchepetsa chiwerengero cha anthu omwe afa chifukwa cha nkhondo yayitali. Komabe, ena ankaona kuti kugwiritsa ntchito zida zimenezi polimbana ndi mizinda ya anthu wamba ndi kuphwanya mfundo zachifundo, chifukwa mphamvu zake sizingangokhala pa malo ankhondo okha.
Hiroshima: Ogasiti 6, 1945
M'mawa wa pa Ogasiti 6, 1945, ndege yankhondo yaku America ya B-29 yotchedwa Enola Gay inaponya bomba la atomiki, lotchedwa "Little Boy," pamwamba pa mzinda wa Hiroshima. Bombalo linaphulika mumlengalenga, zomwe zinapangitsa kuwala kwakukulu, kutentha kwakukulu, ndi mafunde amphamvu omwe anawononga nyumba zambiri.
Mwamsangamsanga, pakati pa mzindawu panasanduka nyanja yamoto. Anthu ambiri anafa nthawi yomweyo chifukwa cha kutentha kwambiri ndi kugwa kwa nyumba. Anthu ena zikwizikwi anapsa kwambiri, khungu la kanthawi kapena losatha, komanso kuvulala ndi zipolopolo ndi kuphulika kwa mabomba. Dongosolo la zaumoyo linasokonekera: zipatala zinawonongeka, ogwira ntchito zachipatala anaphedwa, ndipo mankhwala anali ochepa. Amene anapulumuka anavutika pakati pa chiwonongekocho popanda madzi oyera, chakudya chokwanira, ndi malo ogona.
Ziwerengero za anthu ovulala ku Hiroshima n’zambiri kwambiri. Magwero ambiri akusonyeza kuti anthu zikwizikwi anamwalira nthawi yomweyo kuphulikaku kutachitika, ndipo chiwerengerochi chikupitirira kukwera m’masabata otsatira chifukwa cha kuvulala, matenda, komanso kukhudzidwa ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa.
Nagasaki: Ogasiti 9, 1945
Patatha masiku atatu, pa Ogasiti 9, 1945, bomba lachiwiri la atomiki linaponyedwa pa Nagasaki. Bomba ili, lotchedwa "Fat Man," linali ndi kapangidwe kosiyana. Cholinga choyambirira chinali mzinda wa Kokura, koma chifukwa cha nyengo yoipa komanso kusawoneka bwino, ndege zoponya mabomba za B-29 zinapita ku Nagasaki.
Kuphulika kwa phiri ku Nagasaki kunawononganso kwambiri, ngakhale kuti malo a mzindawu—omwe ali ndi zigwa ndi mapiri—anapangitsa kuti phirilo likhale lochepa pang'ono poyerekeza ndi madera ena a Hiroshima. Komabe, kugunda kochepa kumeneku sikunachepetse tsokali. Anthu zikwizikwi anafa nthawi yomweyo, ndipo anthu zikwizikwi ambiri anavulala kwambiri. Monga momwe zinalili ku Hiroshima, anthu ovulala anapitirizabe kuchepa pambuyo pake chifukwa cha kuwala kwa dzuwa ndi mavuto azaumoyo.
Zotsatira za Radiation: Zipsera Zokhalitsa
Chomwe chimasiyanitsa mabomba a atomiki ndi mabomba wamba si mphamvu yawo yophulika yokha, komanso mphamvu ya ayoni yomwe amatulutsa. Ambiri omwe adapulumuka kuphulika koyamba pambuyo pake adakumana ndi zizindikiro zomwe sanamvetse panthawiyo: nseru, kusanza, kutuluka magazi, kutaya tsitsi, kutentha thupi kwambiri, komanso chitetezo chamthupi chofooka. Izi zimadziwika kuti matenda a radiation.
M'kupita kwa nthawi, opulumuka—omwe amadziwika ku Japan kuti hibakusha—amakhala pachiwopsezo chachikulu chotenga khansa, khansa ya m'magazi, ndi mavuto ena azaumoyo. Ambiri amakumananso ndi mavuto amisala: kuvulala, kuvutika maganizo, ndi chisoni chachikulu chifukwa cha kutayika kwa banja. Kuphatikiza apo, hibakusha nthawi zambiri amakumana ndi tsankho pakati pa anthu, monga kuvutika kupeza ntchito kapena okwatirana nawo, chifukwa cha manyazi akuti “adetsedwa” kapena kuti adzabereka ana odwala.
Japan Yadzipereka Ndipo Nkhondo Yatha
Pambuyo poti mabomba awiriwa aponyedwa, vuto la Japan linayamba kuipiraipira kwambiri. Pa Ogasiti 15, 1945, Mfumu Hirohito inapereka nkhani yolengeza kuti Japan yavomereza Chikalata cha Potsdam ndi kudzipereka. Kudzipereka kovomerezeka kunasainidwa pa Seputembala 2, 1945, zomwe zinathetsa Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse.
Komabe, m'makambirano akale, zifukwa zomwe dziko la Japan linagonja zikukambidwabe. Kupatula kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba a atomiki, zinthu zina, monga kuukira kwa Soviet Union m'dera lomwe Japan inali m'manja mwake, nazonso zinayambitsa mavuto aakulu. Komabe, sizingatheke kukana kuti kuphulitsidwa kwa mabomba a nyukiliya kunabweretsa mantha amphamvu amaganizo komanso anzeru.
Zikumbutso, Maphunziro, ndi Machenjezo a Dziko Lonse
Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki si malo odziwika bwino m'mbiri yokha, komanso zizindikiro za kuopsa kwa zida zowononga kwambiri. M'mizinda yonse iwiri, zipilala, nyumba zosungiramo zinthu zakale, ndi malo osungiramo chikumbutso zamangidwa kuti zikumbukire ozunzidwawo ndi kuphunzitsa mibadwo yamtsogolo. Chaka chilichonse, miyambo yokumbukira imachitika kuti ikumbukire momwe nkhondo ingawonongere anthu nthawi yomweyo.
Tsoka ili linayambitsanso kayendetsedwe ka dziko lonse kofuna kuchepetsa zida za nyukiliya. Dziko lonse linazindikira kuti ngati zida zotere zigwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri, kuwonongeka kumeneku sikungakhudze mzinda umodzi kapena iwiri yokha komanso kungawopseze kupulumuka kwa chitukuko. Ngakhale zili choncho, mayiko ambiri akadali ndi zida za nyukiliya, zomwe zimapangitsa Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki kukhala chikumbutso choyenera cha zoopsa za nkhondo zazikulu.
Kutseka
Zochitika zoopsa za kuphulika kwa mabomba ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki zinali kusintha kwakukulu m'mbiri, zomwe zikusonyeza kuti kupita patsogolo kwa ukadaulo popanda kudziletsa m'makhalidwe abwino kungayambitse tsoka lalikulu. M'masekondi ochepa chabe, miyoyo zikwizikwi inatayika; kwa zaka makumi ambiri, omwe anatsala anapirira zipsera zakuthupi ndi zamaganizo. Kukumbukira tsoka ili sikutanthauza kuganizira zakale, koma kuphunzira kuchokera pamenepo kuti mtsogolo musabwerezenso zolakwa zomwezo. Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki zimatiphunzitsa kuti mtendere si chisankho cha ndale chokha koma chofunikira kwa anthu.
