Nkhondo ya Vietnam ndi Zotsatira Zake pa America
Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam, yomwe inayamba mu 1955 mpaka 1975, inali imodzi mwa mikangano yotsutsana kwambiri komanso yotsatirapo m'mbiri ya United States. Kwa zaka makumi awiri, nkhondoyi inayesa kutsimikiza mtima kwa America ndi mfundo zake, inasintha chikhalidwe cha anthu m'banja komanso ndale, ndipo inakhudza kwambiri anthu aku America.
Mbiri ya Nkhondo ya Vietnam
Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam inayamba ngati mkangano wa m'deralo pakati pa boma la chikomyunizimu kumpoto, lotsogozedwa ndi Ho Chi Minh, ndi boma la kum'mwera, lothandizidwa ndi United States. Poyamba, United States inkapereka thandizo lankhondo ndi zachuma lokha kuti lithandizire Republic of Vietnam (South Vietnam). Komabe, chifukwa cha kukula kwa chikomyunizimu kumpoto ndi nkhawa za zotsatira za domino, zomwe zingachititse kuti dziko lina ligwe ku chikomyunizimu, United States inawonjezera kulowererapo kwake mu nkhondo yonse.
Kulowererapo kwa America kunayamba mwalamulo ndi ngozi ya Gulf of Tonkin mu 1964, yomwe inayambitsa kukulirakulira kwa nkhondoyi. Pamene nkhondoyi inali pachimake, asilikali aku America oposa 500.000 anali ku Vietnam. Komabe, ngakhale kuti inali ndi mphamvu zambiri zankhondo, aku America anakumana ndi mavuto akuluakulu polimbana ndi zigawenga za Viet Cong ndi asilikali a ku North Vietnam omwe anali odziwa bwino ntchito yawo komanso odzipereka kwambiri.
Zotsatira za Anthu ku United States
Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam inapanga mkangano waukulu pakati pa anthu aku America. Poyamba, anthu ambiri aku America ankathandizira kutenga nawo mbali pankhondo ngati gawo la khama lapadziko lonse lolimbana ndi chikomyunizimu. Komabe, patapita nthawi, chithandizochi chinayamba kuchepa pazifukwa zosiyanasiyana.
Choyamba, atolankhani adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga malingaliro a anthu. Kwa nthawi yoyamba m'mbiri, nkhondo idawulutsidwa pompopompo m'zipinda zochezera za anthu aku America pa wailesi yakanema. Zithunzi zankhanza za nkhondo, kuvulala kwa anthu wamba, ndi chiwonongeko zinayamba kusintha malingaliro a anthu pa nkhondoyi.
Chachiwiri, kuchuluka kwa anthu ovulala komanso kusankhidwa kwa asilikali kunayambitsa ziwonetsero zambiri m'dziko lonselo. Achinyamata ambiri aku America anakakamizika kumenyana pankhondo yomwe sankaikhulupirira kapena kuimvetsa bwino. Gulu lotsutsa nkhondo linayamba kukula, lotsogozedwa ndi ophunzira, omenyera ufulu wa anthu, ndi atsogoleri ammudzi. Ziwonetsero zazikulu, monga ziwonetsero za mu 1969 ku Washington, D.C., zomwe zinakopa anthu ambirimbiri, zinasonyeza kusakhutira kwa anthu ndi mfundo za boma.
Chachitatu, nkhani za mafuko zinawonjezera vutoli. Ngakhale kuti anthu aku America akuda anali pafupifupi 10% yokha ya anthu onse, anali pafupifupi 30% ya omwe adalembedwa ntchito. Izi zinayambitsa kusalingana ndipo zinayambitsa mikangano ya mafuko ku United States.
Zotsatira za Ndale ndi Zachuma
Pa ndale, Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam inakhudza kwambiri ndale za ku America. Kugonjetsedwa ku Vietnam kunawononga kwambiri chikhulupiriro cha boma la America ndi asilikali ake. Chidaliro cha anthu onse mwa atsogoleri andale ndi mabungwe aboma chinachepa. Nkhani yokhudza Pulezidenti Nixon ku Watergate inawonjezera vuto la kudalirana, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti asiye ntchito mu 1974.
Pazachuma, ndalama zambiri zomwe zinagwiritsidwa ntchito pankhondoyi zinaikanso mtolo. America inagwiritsa ntchito ndalama zokwana $168 biliyoni pa ndalama zothandizira nkhondo, zomwe ndi ndalama zoposa $1 thililiyoni zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito masiku ano. Ndalama zimenezi zinapangitsa kuti bajeti ichepe komanso kukwera kwa mitengo ya zinthu m'zaka za m'ma 1970. Zinthu zomwe zikanaperekedwa ku chitukuko cha dzikolo zinatengedwa kupita ku nkhondo zomwe zinali kutali ndi kwawo.
Zotsatira pa Asilikali Akale
Zotsatira za nkhondo ya Vietnam zinali zakuti asilikali akale ankabwerera kwawo. Asilikali obwerera nthawi zambiri ankavutika kuzolowera moyo wa anthu wamba. Ambiri ankavutika ndi matenda a post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), kuvulala thupi, ndi mavuto ena okhudza thanzi la maganizo. Mwatsoka, panthawiyo, chidziwitso ndi chithandizo cha thanzi la maganizo sichinali chokwanira monga momwe zilili masiku ano, kotero asilikali ambiri akale sanalandire chithandizo chokwanira.
Kuphatikiza apo, asilikali akale aku Vietnam nthawi zambiri sankadziwika ndi kulemekezedwa chifukwa cha ntchito yawo. M'malo mwake, nthawi zambiri ankakumana ndi tsankho komanso kukanidwa ndi anthu omwe ankadana kwambiri ndi nkhondo. Izi zinali zosiyana ndi za asilikali akale a Nkhondo Yachiwiri Yapadziko Lonse omwe anabwerera kwawo ngati ngwazi.
Kuganizira za Chikhalidwe ndi Zofalitsa
Zotsatira za chikhalidwe cha Nkhondo ya Vietnam zinalinso zofunika kwambiri. Ntchito zambiri zamabuku, mafilimu, ndi nyimbo zinachokera ku zomwe zinachitika pankhondoyi. Mafilimu monga "Apocalypse Now," "Platoon," ndi "Full Metal Jacket" adawonetsa nkhanza za nkhondo ndi momwe idakhudzira asilikali ndi anthu. Nyimbo zidagwiranso ntchito ngati njira yowonetsera ziwonetsero ndi malingaliro, ndipo nyimbo zotsutsana ndi nkhondo za ojambula monga Bob Dylan ndi Creedence Clearwater Revival zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga malingaliro a anthu.
Kuphatikiza apo, Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam inayambitsa mkangano wautali wokhudza mfundo zakunja za ku America. Ambiri anayamba kukayikira nzeru za kulowererapo kwa asilikali aku America m'maiko akunja, ndipo ambiri ankalimbikitsa njira zandale, zomwe sizili zankhondo.
Mapeto
Nkhondo ya ku Vietnam inali nthawi yamdima m'mbiri ya America. Mkanganowu sunali wokhudza kumenyana pankhondo yokha, komanso wokhudza kulimbana kwa makhalidwe abwino m'dziko mwawo. Unkasonyeza dziko lomwe linkavutika kumvetsetsa umunthu wake, mfundo zake zakunja, komanso ubale pakati pa boma lake ndi anthu ake.
Kuchokera pamalingaliro ankhondo, nkhondoyi inasonyeza kuti kupambana kwaukadaulo ndi manambala sikumaika chigonjetso nthawi zonse, makamaka pamikangano yokhudza nkhondo za zigawenga ndi kukana kwa anthu ambiri. Kuchokera pamalingaliro a anthu ndi ndale, Nkhondo ya Vietnam inagogomezera kufunika kwa kuwonekera poyera, kuyankha mlandu, ndi mfundo zozikidwa pa umunthu ndi chilungamo.
Patatha zaka makumi anayi nkhondoyo itatha, zotsatira zake zikumvekabe m'mbali zonse za moyo wa ku America, kuyambira mfundo zakunja mpaka chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Maphunziro a Nkhondo ya Vietnam akadali ofunikira komanso ofunikira kukumbukira kuti zolakwa zofananazo zisabwerezedwenso mtsogolo.
