Nkhondo Yachibadwidwe ya ku America ndi Zotsatira Zake
Nkhondo Yachiweniweni ya ku America, yomwe idamenyedwa pakati pa 1861 ndi 1865, inali imodzi mwa mikangano yoopsa kwambiri komanso yotsatirapo m'mbiri ya United States. Chifukwa cha kusiyana pakati pa mayiko akumpoto ndi akum'mwera, makamaka pankhani ya ukapolo, misonkho, ndi ufulu wa mayiko, nkhondoyi idakhudza kwambiri chikhalidwe cha anthu, zachuma, ndi ndale za United States. Nkhaniyi ifufuza zomwe zimayambitsa, njira, ndi momwe nkhondoyi idakhudzira.
Mbiri ya Nkhondo
Chifukwa chachikulu cha Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni chinali kusiyana kwa malingaliro ndi zachuma pakati pa mayiko akumpoto ndi akum'mwera. Mayiko akum'mwera, omwe amadziwika kuti Confederacy, ankadalira kwambiri chuma chaulimi chomwe chimathandizidwa ndi ukapolo. Kumbali ina, mayiko akumpoto, kapena Union, ankadalira kwambiri mafakitale ndi chuma chopita patsogolo kwambiri pa ufulu wa anthu.
Mikangano inayamba kubuka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 19, makamaka pa kukula kwa dziko la United States kumadzulo. Funso loti ngati madera atsopanowa angalole ukapolo linakhala nkhani yaikulu. Kugwirizana kwa Missouri mu 1820 ndi Kugwirizana kwa 1850 cholinga chake chinali kusunga mgwirizano pakati pa mayiko akapolo ndi omasuka. Komabe, kusakhutira kunapitirira kukula, ndipo posankhidwa kwa Abraham Lincoln, wa Republican yemwe ankatsutsa kufalikira kwa ukapolo, kukhala Purezidenti mu 1860, mayiko akumwera anayamba kudzipatula ku Union ndikupanga Confederacy.
Njira ya Nkhondo
Nkhondo Yachiweniweni inayamba mu Epulo 1861 pamene magulu ankhondo a Confederate anaukira Fort Sumter ku South Carolina. Poyamba magulu onse awiri ankayembekezera kuti nkhondoyo ithe msanga, koma zenizeni zinali zosiyana kwambiri.
Magawo Oyambirira (1861-1862): Kumayambiriro kwa nkhondo, Confederacy inapambana zinthu zingapo zofunika, makamaka Nkhondo Yoyamba ndi Yachiwiri ya Bull Run (Manassas). Koma Union, inagonjetsedwa mochititsa manyazi koma posakhalitsa inakulitsa kukonzanso kwa asilikali ake.
Gawo Lapakati (1863-1864): Chaka cha 1863 chinali chaka chosinthira kwambiri pa Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni. Nkhondo ya Gettysburg (Julayi 1-3) inali kugonjetsedwa kwakukulu kwa magulu ankhondo a Confederate motsogozedwa ndi General Robert E. Lee. Pa nthawi yomweyo, General wa Union Ulysses S. Grant adapambana Nkhondo ya Vicksburg, yomwe idapatsa Union ulamuliro wa Mtsinje wa Mississippi ndikugawa Confederacy pakati.
Gawo Lomaliza (1864-1865): Zaka zomaliza za nkhondoyi zinawona kuti Union inakhazikitsa njira ya "nkhondo yonse". General William T. Sherman anatsogolera Sherman's March to the Sea Campaign, yomwe inawononga zomangamanga zofunika za Confederate ndikuwononga mtima. General Grant anapitiriza kukakamiza asilikali a Lee ku Virginia.
Pa Epulo 9, 1865, General Lee anadzipereka kwa General Grant ku Appomattox Court House ku Virginia, zomwe zinasonyeza kutha kwa nkhondo. Patatha sabata imodzi, Purezidenti Lincoln anaphedwa ndi John Wilkes Booth, zomwe zinawonjezera tsoka la kutha kwa nkhondoyo.
Zotsatira za Nkhondo Yachiweniweni
Zachikhalidwe: Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni inapha anthu pafupifupi 620.000 mpaka 750.000, ndipo ena ambiri anaphedwa moyo wawo wonse. Nkhondoyo inathetsa ukapolo ku United States ndi kuvomerezedwa kwa 13th Amendment mu 1865. Komabe, ngakhale kuti ukapolo unatha mwalamulo, kusankhana mitundu ndi kusankhana mitundu kunapitirira kwa zaka zambiri, makamaka kum'mwera.
Zachuma: Chuma cha kum'mwera chinawonongeka kwambiri ndi nkhondoyi. Ngakhale kuti nkhondoyi inawononga chuma cha anthu ambiri komanso ukapolo unathetsedwa, njira ya ulimi yomwe inali maziko a chuma cha kum'mwera inatenga nthawi yayitali kuti ibwererenso. Kumbali ina, Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni inalimbikitsa kukula kwa mafakitale kumpoto ndipo inalimbikitsa capitalism kukhala njira yolamulira zachuma ku America.
Ndale: Nkhondoyi inasintha kwambiri ubale pakati pa maboma a feduro ndi maboma. Boma lalikulu linakhala lamphamvu kwambiri, ndi mphamvu zambiri zolowererapo pa nkhani za boma. Izi zinaphatikizapo kuvomerezedwa kwa Kusintha kwa 14 ndi 15, komwe kunapatsa ufulu wokhala nzika ndi wovota kwa akapolo akale, komanso malamulo osiyanasiyana omwe cholinga chake chinali kuteteza ufulu wa anthu.
Kumanganso: Nthawi yomanganso (1865–1877) yomwe idatsatira Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni idadziwika ndi khama lomanganso maiko akumwera omwe adawonongedwa ndikuphatikiza anthu aku Africa-America omwe adamasulidwa kumene m'gulu la anthu aku America. Ngakhale kuti kupita patsogolo pang'ono kudachitika panthawiyi, zambiri mwa zoyesayesazi zidalepheretsedwa ndi kukwera kwa ulamuliro wa azungu ndi kukhazikitsidwa kwa mabungwe, monga Ku Klux Klan, omwe adalimbikitsa chiwawa ndi kuopseza anthu akuda ndi othandizira awo.
Chikhalidwe: Nkhondo Yapachiweniweni inakhudzanso kwambiri mbali zosiyanasiyana za chikhalidwe cha ku America, kuphatikizapo mabuku, nyimbo, ndi zaluso. Olemba ambiri, olemba ndakatulo, ndi ojambula adawonetsa zochitika ndi zochitika za nkhondo m'ntchito zawo. Nyimbo monga "Battle Hymn of the Republic" ndi "Dixie" zinakhala zizindikiro za nkhondo ndi umunthu wa chigawo zomwe zimamveka mpaka lero.
Mapeto
Nkhondo Yachiweniweni ya ku America sinali nkhondo yaikulu yankhondo yokha yomwe idasankha tsogolo la United States komanso chochitika chomwe chinasintha kudzipereka kwa dzikolo ku mfundo za ufulu ndi kufanana. Zotsatira za nkhondoyi zidamveka kwambiri kwa mibadwomibadwo ndipo zikugwirabe ntchito mpaka pano. Komabe, mzimu wa chiyanjano ndi kupita patsogolo komwe kudabuka pambuyo pa nkhondoyi ndi umboni wa kulimba mtima kwa dziko lomwe lingathe kuthana ndi magawano akulu ndikuyesetsa kupanga tsogolo lolungama komanso logwirizana.
