Mphamvu ya Girisi Yakale pa Dziko Lamakono
Greece yakale, yokhala ndi cholowa chake cha nzeru ndi chikhalidwe, yakhudza kwambiri chitukuko cha dziko lamakono. Kuyambira dongosolo lake la boma mpaka zaluso ndi nzeru, Greece yakale inali malo obadwira malingaliro ndi machitidwe ambiri omwe tikugwiritsabe ntchito mpaka pano. Kodi ndi zinthu ziti zofunika kwambiri zomwe zathandiza chitukuko cha Agiriki akale zomwe zapulumuka mpaka nthawi yamakono? Tiyeni tifufuze zina mwa zinthu zake zofunika kwambiri.
1. Demokalase
Chimodzi mwa zinthu zazikulu zomwe Greece wakale inapereka ku dziko lamakono chinali lingaliro la demokalase. Demokalase ya ku Atene inali imodzi mwa zitsanzo zoyambirira za dongosolo la boma momwe anthu anali ndi mawu popanga zisankho. Ngakhale kuti demokalase iyi inali yosiyana ndi demokalase yamakono—ndi kutenga nawo mbali mwachindunji ndipo amuna okha ndi omwe amaloledwa kutenga nawo mbali—mfundo yofunikira yakuti ulamuliro uyenera kukhala m'manja mwa anthu inalipobe.
M'dziko lamakono, mitundu ya maboma a demokalase yasintha kukhala machitidwe oimira anthu ambiri, komwe nzika zimasankha oimira kuti apange zisankho m'malo mwawo. Lingaliro lakuti munthu aliyense ali ndi ufulu wochita nawo ndale komanso kuti mphamvu za boma zimachokera kwa anthu ndi cholowa chachindunji cha malingaliro akale a Agiriki.
2. Filosofi
Greece wakale ndi komwe kunabadwira akatswiri anzeru odziwika bwino m'mbiri, kuphatikizapo Socrates, Plato, ndi Aristotle. Maganizo awo anali maziko a madera ambiri a filosofi omwe amaphunziridwabe mpaka pano, monga makhalidwe abwino, malingaliro, chidziwitso cha chidziwitso, ndi metaphysics.
Socrates, ndi njira yake yotchuka, Njira ya Socrates, adaphunzitsa kufunika kwa kuganiza mozama komanso moganizira bwino. Plato, wophunzira wa Socrates, adapanga lingaliro la dziko labwino ndipo adayambitsa Academy, imodzi mwa mabungwe akale kwambiri ophunzirira. Aristotle, wophunzira wa Plato, anali munthu wodziwika kwambiri m'magawo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo biology, ndale, zachuma, ndi logic. Ntchito zawo zikufunikabe kuwerengedwa m'mayunivesite ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
3. Sayansi ndi Masamu
Greece yakale inathandizanso kwambiri pakukula kwa sayansi ndi masamu. Masamu achi Greek, okhala ndi anthu monga Pythagoras, Euclid, ndi Archimedes, adapereka chithandizo chachikulu ku maziko a masamu amakono. Mwachitsanzo, Pythagorean Theorem ndi imodzi mwa mfundo zodziwika bwino komanso zofunika kwambiri pa geometry.
Euclid, yemwe nthawi zambiri amadziwika kuti Bambo wa Jiometri, analemba buku lakuti "Elements," lomwe likadali limodzi mwa mabuku ophunzirira otchuka kwambiri m'mbiri ya masamu. Archimedes amadziwika chifukwa cha zopereka zake ku fizikisi ndi uinjiniya, kuphatikizapo mfundo za hydrostatics ndi mechanics. Zomwe apeza ndi malingaliro awo akadali ofunikira ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu maphunziro ndi kafukufuku wasayansi masiku ano.
4. Zaluso ndi Zaluso Zabwino
Kukongola kwa zaluso zakale zachi Greek, kuyambira zosema mpaka zomangamanga, kumasiyabe chizindikiro chake pa dziko la zaluso zamakono. Ziboliboli zakale zachi Greek, zomwe nthawi zambiri zimawonetsa mawonekedwe a munthu m'njira yoyenera, zalimbikitsa ojambula kwa zaka mazana ambiri. Kapangidwe ka zomangamanga zakale zachi Greek, komwe kali ndi mizati yake ya Doric, Ionic, ndi Corinthian, kalimbikitsa nyumba zambiri za anthu kumayiko akumadzulo, kuphatikizapo nyumba zambiri za boma ku United States ndi Europe.
Masewero ndi sewero nazonso ndi gawo lofunika kwambiri la cholowa cha zaluso cha Greece Yakale. Masewero akale monga ntchito za Aeschylus, Sophocles, ndi Euripides akadali kuonetsedwa m'masewero padziko lonse lapansi. Lingaliro la maseŵero ngati malo ofufuzira mkhalidwe wa anthu kudzera mu tsoka ndi nthabwala limachokera ku zatsopano za zisudzo zachi Greek.
5. Masewera ndi Masewera
Cholowa cha masewera cha Greece Yakale sichinganyalanyazidwe. Masewera oyamba a Olimpiki adachitikira ku Olympia, Greece, cha m'ma 776 BC. Masewera a Olimpiki Akale adakhala maziko ofunikira a chikhalidwe cha Agiriki ndipo adagwira ntchito ngati chizindikiro cha mgwirizano pakati pa mizinda yosiyanasiyana ya Agiriki.
Mwambo umenewu unabwezeretsedwanso kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kubwezeretsedwa kwa Masewera a Olimpiki amakono, omwe akadali chochitika chapadziko lonse chokondwerera mzimu wa mpikisano wapadziko lonse lapansi ndi ubwenzi. Mawu ndi masewera ambiri omwe timawadziwa masiku ano, monga marathon (omwe amachokera ku nthano ya kuthamanga kwa Pheidippides kuchokera ku Marathon kupita ku Athens), alinso ndi cholowa kuchokera ku Greece Yakale.
6. Nthano ndi Mabuku
Nthano zakale zachi Greek zakhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa mabuku amakono, zaluso, ndi chikhalidwe chodziwika bwino. Nkhani za milungu ndi ngwazi zachi Greek zatchulidwa m'mabuku ndi mafilimu ambiri. Homer, ndi nkhani zake zazikulu monga "Iliad" ndi "Odyssey," akuwonetsa zochitika zauchigawenga ndi zovuta zamakhalidwe zomwe zikutchulidwabe m'mabuku ndi nkhani zamakono.
Kuphatikiza apo, mawu ndi malingaliro ambiri ochokera ku nthano zachi Greek alowa m'chilankhulo chathu cha tsiku ndi tsiku. Mwachitsanzo, "Achilles' heel" imafotokoza kufooka koopsa, "titanic" imatanthauza chinthu chachikulu, ndipo "herculean" imafotokoza ntchito yovuta kwambiri.
7. Sayansi ndi Mankhwala
Mu sayansi ndi zamankhwala, Girisi Yakale inalinso ndi mbiri yodziwika bwino. Hippocrates, yemwe nthawi zambiri amatchedwa Bambo wa Zamankhwala, adakhazikitsa mwambo wazachipatala wozikidwa pa kuwona zachipatala komanso kusunga zolemba mwadongosolo. Kulumbira kwake kwa Hippocratic kukadali maziko a makhalidwe abwino azachipatala mpaka lero.
Kuphatikiza apo, akatswiri akale a zakuthambo achi Greek monga Ptolemy ndi Hipparchus adapereka chithandizo chofunikira pakumvetsetsa kwathu kwa dongosolo la dzuwa ndi nyenyezi. Ngakhale kuti mfundo zawo zina zalowedwa m'malo ndi sayansi yamakono, njira zawo ndi kulondola kwawo zikuyamikiridwabe kwambiri.
Mapeto
Mphamvu ya chitukuko cha Agiriki Akale inali ndi mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wa anthu, kuyambira ndale ndi nzeru mpaka zaluso, sayansi ndi masewera. Ngakhale kuti zambiri zasintha pazaka zikwizikwi, maziko omwe Agiriki Akale adakhazikitsa amatha kumvekabe mpaka pano. Mwa kuganizira ndi kuyamikira cholowa chawo, sitingomvetsetsa chiyambi cha dziko lamakono komanso timapeza chilimbikitso chopitiliza kukula ndikusintha m'mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo. Mwa kuphunzira kuchokera m'mbuyomu, tikhoza kumanga tsogolo labwino komanso lodziwa zambiri. Greece yakale, ndi nzeru zake zonse, ikadali nyali yotsogolera paulendo wathu m'dziko lamakono lino.
