Kukambirana za Udindo wa Bung Karno mu Ufulu wa ku Indonesia
Pendauluan
Ufulu wa ku Indonesia pa Ogasiti 17, 1945, sunachitike mwadzidzidzi, koma unali chifukwa cha nkhondo yayitali yokhudza anthu ambiri otchuka komanso anthu ena m'dziko. Mmodzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri pankhondo yodziyimira pawokha ku Indonesia anali Ir. Sukarno, wodziwika bwino kuti Bung Karno. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana za udindo wofunika kwambiri wa Bung Karno panjira yotsogolera ku ufulu wa ku Indonesia, kuphatikizapo mbiri yake, zopereka zake, komanso momwe dzikolo linakhudzira nkhondoyi.
Mbiri ya Bung Karno
Bung Karno anabadwa ku Koesno Sosrokarno pa June 6, 1901, ku Surabaya, East Java. Pambuyo pake anasintha dzina lake kukhala Sukarno chifukwa cha matenda ake a ubwana. Bambo ake, Raden Soekemi Sosrodihardjo, anali mphunzitsi wa sukulu ya pulayimale, pomwe amayi ake, Ida Ayu Nyoman Rai, anachokera ku banja lolemekezeka ku Bali. Maphunziro a Bung Karno anayambira ku Eerste Inlandse School ku Mojokerto, kenako anapitiliza ku Europeesche Lagere School (ELS) ku Mojokerto.
Kenako, Bung Karno adapitiliza maphunziro ake ku Hoogere Burger School (HBS) ku Surabaya. Apa ndi pomwe Bung Karno adakumana ndi HOS Tjokroaminoto, munthu wotchuka mu Sarekat Islam, yemwe anali ndi mphamvu yayikulu pamalingaliro andale a Bung Karno. Atamaliza maphunziro ake ku HBS, Bung Karno adapitiliza maphunziro ake aukadaulo ku Technische Hoogeschool te Bandoeng (yomwe tsopano ndi Bandung Institute of Technology), komwe adapeza digiri ya uinjiniya mu 1926.
Mphatso Yoyamba ya Bung Karno ku National Movement
Atamaliza maphunziro ake, Bung Karno anayamba kugwira ntchito mwakhama mu gulu la anthu okonda dziko lawo. Mu 1927, pamodzi ndi anzake angapo, adayambitsa Indonesian National Party (PNI). PNI inali chipani chomwe chinkamenyera ufulu wa dziko la Indonesia kuchokera ku ulamuliro wa atsamunda wa ku Netherlands kudzera m'njira zosagwirizana, kapena popanda mgwirizano ndi boma la atsamunda. Bung Karno anali wolankhula waluso yemwe ankatha kulimbikitsa dziko lawo pakati pa anthu ndi mawu ake olimbikitsa.
Komabe, zochita za Sukarno ndi Indonesian National Party (PNI) zinakopa chidwi cha boma la atsamunda la ku Netherlands. Mu 1929, Sukarno anamangidwa ndikuweruzidwa ndi khoti la atsamunda. Mu chitetezo chake chodziwika bwino, "Indonesia Accuses," Sukarno anapereka mfundo zolimba zotsutsa utsamunda ndikutsimikizira chikhumbo cha anthu aku Indonesia chofuna ufulu wodzilamulira. Ngakhale kuti pamapeto pake adaweruzidwa kuti akhale m'ndende, chitetezocho chinasintha kwambiri gulu la anthu aku Indonesia.
Nthawi Yotaya Ndalama ndi Zopereka Zopitilira
Atatulutsidwa m'ndende mu 1931, Bung Karno anapitirizabe kulimbana kwake. Komabe, chifukwa chakuti zochita zake zandale zinakhala zosokoneza, boma la atsamunda linamanganso Bung Karno m'ndende mu 1933. Nthawi ino, anathamangitsidwa m'malo osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo Ende ku Flores ndi Bengkulu. Ngakhale kuti anali kuthamangitsidwa, Bung Karno anapitirizabe kulankhulana ndi anzake ndipo anapitirizabe kukhudza kayendetsedwe ka dziko kudzera m'malemba ndi makalata ake.
Ali ku ukapolo, Bung Karno anasinkhasinkha kwambiri za njira yabwino kwambiri yopezera ufulu wodzilamulira. Anaphunziranso zambiri kuchokera ku zomwe anakumana nazo ndi mavuto a anthu ena amitundu ina, monga Mahatma Gandhi wa ku India. Malingaliro ndi njira zatsopano zinapangidwa, zomwe pambuyo pake zinakhala zothandiza kwambiri pankhondo ya Indonesia yopezera ufulu wodzilamulira.
Udindo wa Bung Karno Panthawi ya Ulamuliro wa ku Japan
Mkhalidwe wa ndale ku Indonesia unasintha kwambiri pamene Japan inalanda dziko la Indonesia mu 1942. Sukarno, yemwe kale anali wotsutsana ndi maulamuliro a atsamunda, tsopano anayenera kuganizira za mkhalidwe watsopano. Utsogoleri wa Sukarno ndi anthu ena andale monga Mohammad Hatta ndi Ki Hadjar Dewantara unawonedwa ndi a ku Japan ngati wothandiza pakupeza chithandizo cha anthu aku Indonesia komanso kutsutsana ndi magulu ankhondo a Allied.
Ngakhale kuti ankagwira ntchito motsogozedwa ndi Japan, Sukarno anagwiritsa ntchito udindo wake kuteteza zofuna za anthu aku Indonesia. Chimodzi mwa zinthu zofunika kwambiri zomwe Sukarno anachita panthawiyi chinali kutenga nawo mbali mu People's Power Center (Putera), yomwe idakhazikitsidwa mu 1943 ngati njira yopezera chifundo kwa anthu aku Indonesia. Komabe, Sukarno, pamodzi ndi anthu ena, m'malo mwake adagwiritsa ntchito bungweli kuti adziwitse anthu za dziko lawo komanso kumanga maukonde omwe pambuyo pake adzakhala othandiza pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wawo.
Mu Seputembala 1944, dziko la Japan linayamba kugonja pa Nkhondo ya Pacific. Pakati pa mavuto omwe anali kukulirakulira, dziko la Japan linalonjeza ufulu wa dziko la Indonesia kuti lipeze chithandizo cha anthu aku Indonesia. Pa Marichi 1, 1945, dziko la Japan linakhazikitsa Komiti Yofufuza Ntchito Yokonzekera Ufulu wa Dziko la Indonesia (BPUPKI), ndipo Sukarno anali munthu wofunika kwambiri m'bungweli.
Kulengeza kwa Ufulu ndi Udindo Waukulu wa Bung Karno
Mu gawo lomaliza la ulamuliro wa Japan, Sukarno adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri. Kukhazikitsidwa kwa Komiti Yodziyimira pawokha ya Indonesia (BPUPKI) kunali gawo loyamba lofunika kwambiri. Sukarno adatsogolera bwino zokambirana ndi masomphenya a ufulu wodziyimira pawokha panthawi ya misonkhano ya BPUPKI. Pa imodzi mwa misonkhano ya BPUPKI, Sukarno adapereka nkhani yomwe pambuyo pake idadziwika kuti Pancasila pa June 1, 1945, yomwe idakhala maziko a mfundo za dziko la Indonesia.
Pambuyo pa BPUPKI (Komiti Yokonzekera Ufulu wa ku Indonesia) pa Ogasiti 7, 1945, Komiti Yokonzekera Ufulu wa ku Indonesia (PPKI) inakhazikitsidwa, ndipo Sukarno ndiye anali wapampando wake. Komabe, zinthu zinasintha mofulumira pambuyo pa kuphulika kwa mabomba a atomiki ku Hiroshima ndi Nagasaki mwezi womwewo, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti Japan igonjere kwa Allies. Izi zinapatsa mphamvu Sukarno ndi atsogoleri ena kuti alengeze ufulu wawo nthawi yomweyo.
Pa Ogasiti 16, 1945, Bung Karno ndi Mohammad Hatta "anabedwa" ndi gulu la achinyamata lotsogozedwa ndi Sukarni ndipo anatengedwa kupita ku Rengasdengklok kuti akawakakamize kuti alengeze ufulu wawo nthawi yomweyo. Pambuyo pa kukambirana kwakukulu ndi kupereka maganizo kuchokera ku magulu osiyanasiyana, Bung Karno anaganiza zolengeza ufulu wawo pa Ogasiti 17, 1945.
Pa tsiku lodziwika bwino limenelo, Bung Karno, pamodzi ndi Mohammad Hatta, anawerenga Chilengezo cha Ufulu wa ku Indonesia ku Pegangsaan Timur 56, Jakarta. Chilengezo chosavuta koma chomveka bwino ichi chinasonyeza kubadwa kwa dziko la Indonesia lodziyimira palokha komanso lodzilamulira.
Zotsatira ndi Cholowa cha Bung Karno
Udindo wa Bung Karno sunathe ndi chilengezocho. Monga purezidenti woyamba wa Indonesia, Bung Karno anatsogolera khama logwirizanitsa dziko latsopanoli lodziyimira pawokha. Anagwira ntchito mwakhama kumanga zomangamanga za dziko, kulimbitsa kudziwika kwa dziko, komanso kukhazikitsa ubale waubwenzi ndi mayiko ena. Bung Karno adagwiranso ntchito yofunika kwambiri polankhula motsutsana ndi atsamunda komanso kuthandizira magulu odziyimira pawokha padziko lonse lapansi.
Cholowa cha Bung Karno n'chofunika kwambiri ku Indonesia. Malingaliro ake okhudza dziko, monga momwe akuwonekera mu Pancasila ndi mawu akuti "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika," akadali maziko a malingaliro ndi nzeru za dzikolo. Bung Karno adakwanitsanso kuyika mzimu wa umodzi ndi kunyada kwa dziko womwe ulipobe mpaka lero.
Poganizira mbiri yakale, n'zosakayikitsa kuti Bung Karno adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wa dziko la Indonesia. Kulimba mtima kwake, chikoka chake, ndi masomphenya ake zalimbikitsa mibadwo yamtsogolo kuti ipitirize kuteteza ndikuthandizira ufulu womwe unamenyedwera kwambiri.
Mapeto
Bung Karno anali munthu wofunika kwambiri pankhondo yomenyera ufulu wa dziko la Indonesia. Kuyambira pachiyambi cha ntchito yake yandale mu chipani cha Indonesian National Party (PNI), kuthawa kwawo, udindo wake panthawi ya ulamuliro wa dziko la Japan, mpaka kulengeza ufulu ndi utsogoleri wake pomanga dziko la Indonesia lodziyimira pawokha, Bung Karno anasonyeza kudzipereka kwakukulu ku dziko lake. Cholowa chake chikupitirizabe, ndipo malingaliro ake akupitilizabe kutsogolera kupita patsogolo kwa dziko la Indonesia monga dziko lodziyimira pawokha komanso lolemekezeka. Popanda udindo wa Bung Karno, mbiri ya dziko la Indonesia ikanakhala yosiyana, motero, zopereka zake sizidzaiwalika ndi dziko lino.
