Mphatso ya Immanuel Kant ku Filosofi
Immanuel Kant, katswiri wafilosofi wamkulu wa Kuunikira kwa m'zaka za zana la 18, anali munthu amene anakhudza ndi kupanga maziko a maganizo a filosofi amakono akumadzulo. Malingaliro ake osintha zinthu komanso ntchito yake yozama yasiya chithunzi chosatha pa mibadwo ya afilosofi ndi oganiza omwe adamutsatira. Kufufuza zopereka za Immanuel Kant ku filosofi sikuti kumangopereka kumvetsetsa kwa malingaliro ake a filosofi komanso kumvetsetsa momwe malingaliro ake asinthira mbali zosiyanasiyana za moyo wamakono, kuyambira makhalidwe abwino mpaka epistemology ndi kukongola.
Moyo ndi Ntchito za Immanuel Kant
Immanuel Kant, yemwe anabadwa pa Epulo 22, 1724, ku Königsberg, Prussia, anakulira m'malo odzaza ndi changu chachipembedzo ndi maphunziro. Anaphunzira ku Yunivesite ya Königsberg, komwe pambuyo pake anakhala pulofesa ndipo anaphunzitsa ntchito yake yonse. Ntchito yake yofunika kwambiri, "Critique of Pure Reason," yomwe inafalitsidwa mu 1781, yadziwika kuti ndi imodzi mwa ntchito zofunika kwambiri komanso zokopa chidwi m'mbiri ya filosofi ya Kumadzulo. Ntchito zina zikuphatikizapo "Critique of Practical Reason" ndi "Critique of Judgment."
Lingaliro Lopita Pakati pa Dera
Chothandizira chachikulu cha Kant pa epistemology, kapena chiphunzitso cha chidziwitso, chinali chitukuko chake cha lingaliro la "transcendental." Mu "Critique of Pure Reason," Kant adasiyanitsa pakati pa chidziwitso cha zochitika, chomwe chimachokera ku chidziwitso cha kumva, ndi chidziwitso chapamwamba, chomwe chimaphatikizapo mfundo zoyambirira (zosadalira chidziwitso). Iye adati chidziwitso chokha sichikwanira kupanga chidziwitso; nzeru za munthu zimapereka kapangidwe ndi mfundo za chidziwitso chimenecho.
Njira ya Kant yopita patsogolo inasintha kwambiri kumvetsetsa kwachikhalidwe kwa ubale pakati pa mutu ndi chinthu. Kant asanayambe, akatswiri ambiri afilosofi ankanena kuti chidziwitso ndi mgwirizano pakati pa malingaliro ndi zenizeni zakunja. Kant adanenanso kuti malingaliro oimira maganizo samangowonetsa dziko lakunja kokha komanso amapangidwa ndi kapangidwe kake ndi magulu a nzeru zathu. Chifukwa chake, sitidziwa "chinthucho chokha" mwachindunji, koma m'malo mwake kudzera mu njira yomwe timakonzera zomwe takumana nazo.
Kufunika kwa Gulu ndi Makhalidwe Abwino
Pankhani ya makhalidwe abwino, Kant amadziwika chifukwa cha zopereka zake ku Categorical Imperative, yomwe ndi yofunika kwambiri pa chiphunzitso chake cha makhalidwe abwino. Mu "Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals," Kant adapereka lingaliro lakuti mfundo yaikulu ya machitidwe abwino ndi yakuti iyenera kukhala mfundo yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwa aliyense.
Lamulo la Categorical Imperative limati "Chitani zinthu motsatira malamulo omwe mungathe kupanga malamulo onse nthawi imodzi." Izi zikutanthauza kuti munthu asanachitepo kanthu kena, ayenera kuganizira ngati zomwe akuchitazo ndizovomerezeka ngati zikuonedwa ngati mfundo yomwe ingagwiritsidwe ntchito kwa aliyense amene ali ndi vuto lomwelo.
Chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe abwino cha Kant chimagogomezera kudziyimira pawokha ndi ulemu wa anthu monga zolinga zawo zokha, osati kungowathandiza kukwaniritsa zolinga zina. Izi zikutanthauza kulemekeza ulemu wa anthu ndi kuchitira ulemu munthu aliyense. Mfundo zimenezi zakhala ndi mphamvu kwambiri pakukula kwa lingaliro la ufulu wa anthu.
Kukongola ndi Kutsutsa Luso Loganiza
Mu "Kutsutsa Chiweruzo," Kant akukulitsa malingaliro ake mu gawo la kukongola ndi teleology. Amafufuza momwe timaweruzira zaluso ndi kukongola komanso momwe timapezera tanthauzo m'chilengedwe.
Limodzi mwa malingaliro apakati a Kant pankhani yokongoletsa ndi kusiyana pakati pa kukongola kodalira ndi kukongola komasuka. Kukongola komasuka ndi yankho lathu lodzidzimutsa ku kukongola popanda lingaliro kapena cholinga chenicheni. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, kukongola kodalira kumalumikiza kukongola ndi ntchito inayake kapena chiwonetsero.
Kant adayambitsanso lingaliro la "ulemerero," zomwe zimachitika chifukwa cha mantha zomwe zimaphatikizapo mayankho awiri a mantha ndi mantha pamene akukumana ndi chinthu chachikulu kapena champhamvu, monga chochitika champhamvu chachilengedwe. Izi zinakulitsa kusanthula kwa momwe anthu amayankhira mwamaganizo komanso mwanzeru ku kukongola kwa chilengedwe.
Mphamvu ndi Cholowa
Maganizo a Kant akhala ndi mphamvu yaikulu pa nthambi zambiri za filosofi, kuphatikizapo epistemology, makhalidwe abwino, kukongola, komanso ndale. Mwachitsanzo, akatswiri afilosofi Friedrich Nietzsche, Karl Marx, ndi G.W.F. Hegel onse adakhudzidwa ndi malingaliro a Kant, ngakhale adawapanga m'njira zatsopano.
Mu filosofi ya masiku ano, Chikantianism chikadalipobe kudzera mu matanthauzidwe ndi kutsutsa kosiyanasiyana. Chikantianism cha Neo-Kantian chinakula kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 19 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 20, ndi akatswiri monga Heinrich Rickert ndi Ernst Cassirer akuyesera kusintha ndikukulitsa malingaliro a Kant. Kuphatikiza apo, chiphunzitso cha wafilosofi John Rawls cha chilungamo mu "A Theory of Justice" chimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mfundo za makhalidwe abwino za ku Kantian.
Kudzudzula Kant
Ngakhale kuti Kant amalemekezedwa kwambiri, lingaliro lake latsutsidwanso kwambiri. Karl Marx adatsutsa Kant chifukwa chosaganizira zinthu zenizeni komanso mikhalidwe ya anthu. Nietzsche adakana mbali za makhalidwe abwino a Kantian, zomwe adaziona kuti ndizoletsa kwambiri komanso zoletsa kuthekera kwa munthu payekha. Ndipo ngakhale mkati mwa nkhani ya epistemology, otsutsa adakayikira ngati nkhaniyi ingadziwikedi kuchokera ku chinthucho chokha.
Mapeto
Zopereka za Immanuel Kant ku filosofi zinali maziko ofunikira kwambiri komanso ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa nthambi zosiyanasiyana za filosofi. Ntchito zake zinatsutsa kumvetsetsa kwachikhalidwe ndipo zinakhudza oganiza ambiri otsatira, omwe ankagwirizana nazo komanso omwe ankamutsutsa.
Kuchokera ku epistemology ya transcendental mpaka chiphunzitso cha makhalidwe abwino chozikidwa pa Categorical Imperative ndi kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa kukongola, Kant adasintha bwino kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa anthu, dziko lapansi, ndi ubale wawo. Chifukwa chake, kuyamikira malingaliro ndi zopereka za Kant ku filosofi ndiko kuyamikira ulendo wautali wanzeru wa anthu wopita kumvetsetsa kozama komanso kovuta kwa kukhalapo kwawo ndi chilengedwe chonse.
