Kuyamba ndi Kukula kwa Chibuda
Pegantar
Chibuda ndi chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zazikulu padziko lonse lapansi, chomwe chinayambira ku India wakale, cha m'zaka za m'ma 6 mpaka 5 BC. Chodziwika ndi ziphunzitso zake zokhudza kuvutika komanso njira yopezera chidziwitso, chakhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri ochokera m'mitundu yosiyanasiyana komanso m'malo osiyanasiyana. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza za kubuka ndi chitukuko cha Chibuda kuyambira masiku ake oyambirira mpaka kufalikira kwake padziko lonse lapansi.
Chiyambi cha Kuyamba kwa Chibuda
Chibuda chimachokera ku moyo ndi ziphunzitso za Siddhartha Gautama, yemwe pambuyo pake amadziwika kuti Buddha. Siddhartha Gautama anabadwira ku Kapilavastu, ufumu waung'ono womwe tsopano ndi Nepal, cha m'ma 563 BC. Anabadwira m'banja lolemekezeka, mwana wa Mfumu Sudhodana ndi Mfumukazi Maya. Malinga ndi ulosi, Siddhartha adzakhala mfumu yayikulu kapena munthu wodzipatula kwambiri.
Atakhudzidwa ndi mavuto omwe adawaona padziko lapansi—ukalamba, matenda, imfa, ndi kukhala yekha wokhala ndi moyo wodzisunga—Siddhartha anasiya moyo wake wapamwamba wachifumu ali ndi zaka 29 kuti akapeze chidziwitso ndi mayankho a mavuto ake. Pambuyo pa zaka zisanu ndi chimodzi akufufuza, kudzera m'njira zosiyanasiyana zodzipatula komanso kusinkhasinkha, Siddhartha potsiriza adapeza chidziwitso ku Bodh Gaya, pansi pa mtengo wa Bodhi. Pa nthawiyi, anakhala Buddha, "Wowunikiridwa."
Chibuda
Ziphunzitso za Buddha zimadziwika kuti Dharma, yomwe ili ndi zoonadi zinayi zabwino (Catur Aryasatya) ndi njira yabwino yokhala ndi magawo asanu ndi atatu (Astangika Marga). Zoona zinayi zabwino ndi izi:
1. Dukkha: Kuvutika kulipo m'moyo. Chilichonse chomwe chimapanga, chimasintha, ndi kuwonongeka ndi gwero la kuvutika.
2. Samudaya: Choyambitsa mavuto ndi chilakolako, umbombo, chidani ndi umbuli.
3. Nirodha: Kuvutika kumatha mwa kuchotsa chilakolako ndi chilakolako.
4. Marga: Njira yopita kumapeto kwa mavuto ndi kudzera mu njira yabwino ya magawo asanu ndi atatu, yomwe ndi kumvetsetsa kolondola, kuganiza kolondola, kulankhula kolondola, kuchitapo kanthu koyenera, moyo wolondola, khama loyenera, kuganizira bwino, ndi kuganizira bwino.
Kuphatikiza apo, Buddha adaphunzitsanso mfundo za kusachita zachiwawa (Ahimsa), karma, ndi kubadwanso kwatsopano. Mu ziphunzitso izi, zamoyo zonse zimamangidwa ndi lamulo la karma—zabwino ndi zoyipa zimakhudza miyoyo ya pano ndi yamtsogolo.
Kukula Koyambirira kwa Chibuda
Atalandira chidziwitso, Buddha anayamba kuphunzitsa ena ziphunzitso zake. Chiphunzitso choyamba cha Buddha chinaperekedwa ku Deer Park ku Sarnath, pafupi ndi Benares (tsopano Varanasi), kwa anzake asanu akale odzipereka. Chochitika ichi chimadziwika kuti "Kutembenuza Wheel of Dharma" koyamba.
Kwa zaka 45 zotsatira, Buddha anayenda kumpoto kwa India konse, kufalitsa Dharma. Anakhazikitsa gulu la amonke (Sangha), lopangidwa ndi amuna ndi akazi omwe anasiya moyo wa dziko lapansi kuti atsatire njira ya Buddha. Pambuyo pa imfa ya Buddha cha m'ma 483 BCE, Sangha anapitiriza ntchito yofalitsa ziphunzitsozo.
Kufalikira ku Asia Region
Kufalikira kwa Chibuda kunayamba Buddha atamwalira. Mfumu Ashoka wa ku Maury anali munthu wofunika kwambiri pakufalikira kwa chipembedzochi. Ashoka, yemwe analamulira kuyambira pafupifupi 268 mpaka 232 BC, anali wolamulira wamkulu amene anasintha n’kukhala Chibuda atakumana ndi mavuto panthawi ya nkhondo. Ashoka anathandiza kumanga stupas (zipilala za Chibuda) ndi vihara (nyumba za amonke), ndipo anatumiza amishonale kumadera osiyanasiyana a India ndi mayiko ena, kuphatikizapo Sri Lanka, Central Asia, ndi Southeast Asia.
Ku Sri Lanka, m'monke Mahinda, mwana wa Ashoka, ndiye anabweretsa Chibuda m'zaka za m'ma 3 BC. Kumeneko, Chibuda chinakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri pa chikhalidwe ndi moyo wachipembedzo. Kuchokera ku Sri Lanka, Chibuda cha Theravada chinafalikira ku Burma (Myanmar), Thailand, Laos, ndi Cambodia.
Pakadali pano, Chibuda cha Mahayana chinafalikira kumpoto kwa India ndipo chinafalikira ku Central Asia, China, Korea, ndi Japan kudzera mu Silk Road. Mahayana anawonjezera zinthu zatsopano ku Chibuda, monga lingaliro la Bodhisattva, cholengedwa chomwe chimachedwetsa nirvana kuti chithandize ena kupeza chidziwitso.
Chibuda ku China ndi Japan
Chibuda chinafika koyamba ku China m'zaka za zana loyamba CE kudzera mwa amalonda ndi amonke. Ufumu wa Kum'mawa kwa Han unathandiza kwambiri pochirikiza Chibuda. Kumasulira malemba a Chibuda m'Chitchaina ndi ziphunzitso za amonke otchuka monga Kumārajīva kunathandiza kulimbikitsa Chibuda ku China. Magulu a Mahayana monga Chan (Zen) ndi Tantrayana anakula kumeneko.
Kuchokera ku China, Chibuda chinafalikira ku Korea ndi Japan. Ku Japan, Chibuda chinalandiridwa mwachidwi m'zaka za m'ma 6 AD ndipo chinakhala gawo lofunika kwambiri la chikhalidwe cha ku Japan. Magulu monga Zen ndi Jodo Shinshu anatuluka ndikusintha miyambo ya ku Japan.
Chibuda ku Tibet
Ku Tibet, Chibuda chinayamba kufalikira m'zaka za m'ma 7 CE pamene Mfumu Songtsen Gampo anakwatira akazi awiri achifumu ochokera ku Nepal ndi China, omwe anabweretsa zisonkhezero za Chibuda. Chibuda cha ku Tibet chinakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi miyambo ya Tantric kapena Vajrayana ndipo chinasakanikirananso ndi chipembedzo cha anthu aku Tibet cha Bön. Dalai Lama anakhala mtsogoleri wamkulu wauzimu ndi ndale ku Tibet.
Kutsika ndi Kutsitsimuka
Pamene Chihindu ndi Chisilamu chinafalikira ku India, mphamvu ya Chibuda inayamba kuchepa m'dziko lawo. Zipilala zambiri ndi nyumba za amonke zinawonongedwa ndi kuukira kwa Chisilamu ndi kusintha kwa ndale ku India pambuyo pa zaka za m'ma 11 CE. Komabe, Chibuda chinapulumuka ndipo chinafalikira ku East ndi Southeast Asia.
M'zaka za m'ma 19 ndi 20, Chibuda chinayamba kukopa chidwi chatsopano ku Kumadzulo. Akatswiri akumadzulo anayamba kuphunzira mozama ziphunzitso za Buddha, ndipo akatswiri aku Kum'mawa monga D.T. Suzuki ndi Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche anayamba kuphunzitsa Dharma ku United States ndi ku Europe. Malingaliro a Buddha pa kusinkhasinkha, kusamala, ndi kuunikira alimbikitsa anthu ambiri padziko lonse lapansi.
Mapeto
Kuyambira pachiyambi chake chodzichepetsa ku India wakale mpaka kufalikira kwake padziko lonse lapansi, Chibuda chawonetsa kulimba mtima kwake ngati chimodzi mwa zipembedzo zazikulu ndi nzeru za anthu. Pofunafuna kuunikiridwa, mtendere, ndi kumvetsetsa kwakukulu kwa moyo ndi kuvutika, ziphunzitso za Buddha zikupitirizabe kulimbikitsa ndi kukhudza anthu mamiliyoni ambiri. M'dziko losatha kusintha, uthenga wa Buddha wa chifundo, nzeru, ndi njira yapakati umakhalabe wofunikira komanso wofunika kwa anthu onse.
