Chidziwitso cha ku Ulaya ndi Ziwerengero Zake
Nthawi ya Chidziwitso, yomwe imadziwikanso kuti Chidziwitso, inali nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya yomwe inayamba kuyambira kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 17 mpaka kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 18. Nthawi imeneyi inali ndi kusintha kwa nzeru ndi chikhalidwe komwe kunagogomezera kulingalira, chidziwitso, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense payekha. Chidziwitsocho chinabweretsa kusintha osati mu filosofi ndi sayansi yokha, komanso mu ndale, malamulo, ndi anthu. Nkhaniyi ifotokoza za anthu ofunikira omwe ali kumbuyo kwa kayendetsedwe kameneka ndi zopereka zawo zofunika.
Mbiri Yachidule ya Nthawi ya Chidziwitso
Nthawi ya Chidziwitso inayamba ngati yankho ku ulamuliro wachipembedzo ndi ndale womwe unkalamulira Europe m'zaka mazana angapo zapitazo. Kubadwanso kwatsopano ndi Kusintha kwa Chipulotesitanti zinali zinthu zofunika kwambiri, zomwe zinayambitsa malingaliro aulere komanso otsutsa. Pakadali pano, kusintha kwa sayansi kwa m'zaka za zana la 17, komwe kunatsogoleredwa ndi anthu monga Galileo Galilei ndi Isaac Newton, kunapereka maziko odalirika komanso omveka bwino a nthawi yatsopanoyi.
Mfundo Zokhudza Kuunika
Cholinga chachikulu cha Chidziwitso chinali kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru za anthu kuti amvetsetse ndikusintha dziko lapansi. Mfundo zazikulu zomwe zalimbikitsidwa panthawiyi ndi izi:
1. Kuganiza Mwanzeru: Kugwiritsa ntchito nzeru ngati gwero lalikulu la chidziwitso.
2. Empiricism: Kugwiritsa ntchito zomwe zachitika ndi zomwe zawonedwa ngati maziko a chidziwitso cha sayansi.
3. Kudziyimira pawokha: Kufunika kwa ufulu wa munthu aliyense m'gulu.
4. Kusakhulupirira Mulungu: Kulekanitsa chipembedzo ndi nkhani za boma ndi sayansi.
5. Kupita Patsogolo: Chikhulupiriro chakuti anthu akhoza kudzipanga okha ndikudzikonza okha kudzera mu chidziwitso ndi maphunziro.
Zizindikiro Zazikulu za Nthawi ya Chidziwitso
1. John Locke (1632-1704)
John Locke ndi m'modzi mwa akatswiri ofunikira kwambiri afilosofi omwe malingaliro awo adakhazikitsa maziko a ufulu wamakono. Ntchito yake yayikulu, "Two Treatises of Government," idalimbikitsa lingaliro la ufulu wachilengedwe monga moyo, ufulu, ndi katundu. Locke adatinso maboma ayenera kupangidwa kudzera mu chilolezo cha anthu ndipo ali ndi udindo woteteza ufulu wachilengedwe uwu. Ngati alephera, anthu ali ndi ufulu wochotsa boma.
2. Voltaire (1694-1778)
Francois-Marie Arouet, wodziwika bwino ndi dzina lake lolembera Voltaire, anali wolemba, wafilosofi, komanso wotsutsa chikhalidwe cha anthu. Voltaire ankadziwika chifukwa cha maganizo ake otsutsana ndi atsogoleri achipembedzo komanso kutsutsa mwamphamvu kusalolera chipembedzo komanso kusagwirizana ndi ndale. Mu ntchito yake yotchuka, "Candide," Voltaire ananyoza chiyembekezo cha anthu ena a m'nthawi yake ndipo anagogomezera kufunika kwa ufulu woganiza ndi wolankhula.
3. Jean-Jacques Rousseau (1712-1778)
Rousseau anali woganiza bwino yemwe nthawi zambiri ankasiyana ndi akatswiri ena a Kuunikira. Mu ntchito yake ya "The Social Contract," adapereka lingaliro la ulamuliro wa anthu ambiri ndi boma lozikidwa pa chifuniro cha anthu onse. Rousseau ankakhulupirira kuti chitukuko chawononga ubwino wa anthu ndipo ankanena kuti anthu ndi abwino mwachibadwa. Malingaliro ake akhudza chiphunzitso cha ndale zamakono ndi maphunziro.
4. Baron de Montesquieu (1689-1755)
Charles-Louis de Secondat, Baron de La Brède ndi de Montesquieu, amadziwika ndi ntchito yake ya "The Spirit of the Laws," momwe adaphunzirira machitidwe osiyanasiyana aboma ndikupereka mfundo yolekanitsa mphamvu. Montesquieu adati mphamvu ziyenera kugawidwa pakati pa nthambi zoyang'anira, zamalamulo, ndi za oweruza milandu kuti apewe nkhanza ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ufulu wandale ndi wotetezeka.
5. Denis Diderot (1713-1784)
Diderot anali m'modzi mwa anthu ofunikira kwambiri pa ntchito ya "Encyclopédie", yomwe inali yofuna kusonkhanitsa ndi kufalitsa chidziwitso kuchokera m'magawo osiyanasiyana. Ndi omwe adapereka nawo gawo kuphatikiza Voltaire ndi Montesquieu, Encyclopédie inali ndi cholinga chofalitsa malingaliro a Chidziwitso ndikulimbikitsa anthu ophunzira bwino komanso oganiza bwino.
6. David Hume (1711-1776)
David Hume anali katswiri wafilosofi waku Scotland yemwe ntchito yake yofufuza inali ndi mphamvu kwambiri. Mu ntchito yake, "A Treatise of Human Nature," Hume adagwiritsa ntchito njira zofufuza kuti amvetsetse zamaganizo a anthu, makhalidwe abwino, ndi chipembedzo. Malingaliro ake okayikira pa chifukwa ndi chipembedzo akhala maziko a maphunziro amakono a filosofi.
7. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
Mmodzi mwa akatswiri oganiza bwino kwambiri m'miyambo ya Kumadzulo, Immanuel Kant anaphatikiza rationalism ndi empiricism mu ntchito yake. Mu "Critique of Pure Reason," Kant anafotokoza momwe nzeru za anthu zimamvetsetsera dziko lapansi ndi malire a chidziwitso. Mawu ake otchuka, "Sapere aude" (Dare to know), anakhala mawu a filosofi ya Enlightenment. Kant ndi wotchukanso chifukwa cha chiphunzitso chake cha makhalidwe abwino chozikidwa pa lamulo la magulu.
Mphamvu ndi Zotsatira za Nthawi ya Chidziwitso
Mphamvu ya Chidziwitso inali yokhudza kwambiri magulu ambiri. Malingaliro amenewa adathandizira kwambiri mayendedwe monga Chisinthiko cha ku America ndi Chisinthiko cha ku France, zomwe zidalimbikitsa malingaliro a ufulu wa anthu ndi boma la demokalase. Mu sayansi, Chidziwitso chinayambitsa njira yanzeru komanso yowona zomwe zinakhala maziko a njira yamakono yasayansi.
Chidziwitsochi chinakhudzanso chitukuko cha zaluso ndi chikhalidwe cha ku Ulaya, zomwe zinalimbikitsa kukwera kwa masitaelo achikhalidwe chamakono komanso kukwera kwa mabuku osaphunzira komanso onyoza. Mu zachuma, malingaliro okhudza misika yaulere ndi capitalism anayamba kukula, makamaka kudzera m'mabuku a Adam Smith monga "The Wealth of Nations."
Kudzudzula kwa Nthawi ya Chidziwitso
Ngakhale kuti nthawi ya Chilengedwe inali ndi zinthu zambiri zabwino, anthu ena otsutsa ankanena kuti kugogomezera kwake kwambiri pa nzeru kunachepetsa kufunika kwa malingaliro ndi uzimu wa anthu. Ponena za ulamuliro wa atsamunda, lingaliro la "Chilengedwe" nthawi zina linkagwiritsidwa ntchito polungamitsa ulamuliro wa ku Ulaya pa mayiko ena, ponena kuti linabweretsa "chitukuko" ndi "kupita patsogolo."
Mapeto
Nyengo ya Chidziwitso inali nthawi yofunika kwambiri m'mbiri ya ku Ulaya, yomwe inabweretsa kusintha kwakukulu m'mbali zambiri za moyo. Anthu monga John Locke, Voltaire, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Diderot, Hume, ndi Kant adagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri popanga ndi kufalitsa malingaliro ogogomezera kulingalira, sayansi, ndi ufulu wa munthu aliyense. Cholowa chawo chikadali chofunikira lerolino, kupanga maziko a mfundo ndi mabungwe ambiri amakono. Ngakhale mbali zina za Chidziwitso zatsutsidwa, zopereka zake pa kuganiza mwaulere, kupita patsogolo kwa sayansi, ndi ufulu wa anthu ndizosatsutsika. Nthawi ino imatiphunzitsa kufunika kofunafuna chidziwitso nthawi zonse komanso kutsutsana ndi kuganiza mozama.
