Chiyambi ndi Mbiri ya Kukula kwa Intaneti
Intaneti ndi imodzi mwa zinthu zatsopano kwambiri m'mbiri ya anthu, zomwe zimasintha momwe timakhalira, timagwirira ntchito, komanso timalankhulirana. Chiyambi ndi chitukuko cha intaneti ndi nkhani yayitali yokhudza ofufuza osiyanasiyana, mabungwe, ndi ukadaulo. Nkhaniyi ifufuza ulendo wautaliwu kuyambira pachiyambi chake mpaka lero.
Choyamba, kodi intaneti ndi chiyani?
Intaneti ndi netiweki yapadziko lonse yomwe imalumikiza makompyuta mamiliyoni ambiri padziko lonse lapansi, zomwe zimawathandiza kugawana zambiri ndikulankhulana. Dongosolo la netiweki ili limaphatikizapo ma netiweki ang'onoang'ono ambiri, kuphatikizapo mabungwe aboma, amaphunziro, amalonda, ndi achinsinsi, onse pogwiritsa ntchito njira yokhazikika, TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol).
Chiyambi cha intaneti
ARPANET: Maziko Oyamba (1960)
Chiyambi cha intaneti chimayamba m'zaka za m'ma 1960, pamene Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA) ya United States Department of Defense inayambitsa pulojekiti yofufuza yotchedwa ARPANET. Cholinga cha ntchitoyi chinali kupanga netiweki yomwe ingakhale yolimba ku ziwopsezo zankhondo ndi masoka.
ARPANET idayambitsa njira yoyamba yolumikizirana ndi maukonde pogwiritsa ntchito ukadaulo wosintha mapaketi, womwe unali maziko ofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa intaneti. Kusintha mapaketi kumalola deta kugawidwa m'mapaketi ang'onoang'ono, kutumizidwa padera kenako nkusonkhanitsidwanso komwe ikupita. Paul Baran ndi Donald Davies anali anthu awiri ofunikira pakukonza lingaliro ili.
Pa Okutobala 29, 1969, uthenga woyamba unatumizidwa kuchokera pa kompyuta ku University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) kupita ku kompyuta ku Stanford Research Institute (SRI). Ngakhale kuti uthengawo unali ndi mawu oti "LOGIN" okha, omwe anadulidwa pambuyo pa zilembo ziwiri zoyambirira ("LO"), unali sitepe yoyamba paulendo wautali wa intaneti.
Kukula kwa Ukadaulo wa Network
TCP/IP ndi Kukula kwa ARPANET (m'ma 1970)
M'zaka za m'ma 1970, ARPANET inapitiriza kukula, kulumikiza mayunivesite ambiri ndi mabungwe ofufuza ku United States. Kukula kwa ma protocol a netiweki kunakhala cholinga chachikulu, ndipo mu 1974, Vinton Cerf ndi Robert Kahn adapereka lingaliro la TCP/IP protocol suite, yomwe idakhala muyezo waukulu wotumizira deta pa intaneti.
Mu 1983, ARPANET idavomereza mwalamulo TCP/IP ngati protocol yake yokhazikika, m'malo mwa Network Control Protocol yakale (NCP). Imeneyi inali nthawi yofunika kwambiri, kulola ma network osiyanasiyana kuti azilankhulana pogwiritsa ntchito protocol iyi yapadziko lonse.
NSFNET ndi Kugulitsa (1980s)
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 1980, bungwe la United States National Science Foundation (NSF) linayamba kupanga NSFNET, netiweki yolumikizira malo ogwiritsira ntchito makompyuta m'mayunivesite osiyanasiyana. NSFNET inali ndi mphamvu yochulukirapo kuposa ARPANET ndipo inakhala msana waukulu wa chitukuko cha intaneti ku United States.
Pang'onopang'ono koma motsimikiza, ma network akunja kwa United States anayamba kulumikizana ndi NSFNET, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti pakhale network yapadziko lonse lapansi. Kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 1980 ndi kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, makampani amalonda anayamba kuzindikira kuthekera kwakukulu kwa intaneti. Izi zinayambitsa njira yogulitsira, ndipo ntchito za intaneti zinayamba kupezeka kwa anthu onse.
Kubadwa kwa intaneti yapadziko lonse
Tim Berners-Lee ndi HTTP/HTML (1989-1991)
Chaka cha 1989 chinali chaka chofunikira kwambiri pakukula kwa intaneti pamene Tim Berners-Lee, katswiri wa sayansi ya makompyuta ku CERN, anatulukira World Wide Web (WWW). Berners-Lee adapanga Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), ndi lingaliro la Uniform Resource Locator (URL), lomwe limalola kuti zikalata zipezeke ndikulumikizidwa pa intaneti.
Mu 1991, Berners-Lee adayambitsa World Wide Web kwa anthu onse. Kudzera mu WWW, intaneti idayamba kupezeka mosavuta komanso kugwiritsidwa ntchito ndi anthu onse. Izi zidapangitsa kuti anthu ambiri azigwiritsa ntchito intaneti m'zaka khumi zotsatira, zomwe zidapanga njira yatsopano komanso yomasuka yogawana chidziwitso padziko lonse lapansi.
Ma Browsers Osavuta Kupita ku Mosaic (1993)
Kupanga mawebusayiti kunathandizanso kuti intaneti iyambe kugwiritsidwa ntchito mofulumira. Mu 1993, Marc Andreessen ndi gulu lake ku National Center for Supercomputing Applications (NCSA) adatulutsa Mosaic, msakatuli woyamba wa intaneti wopambana pa malonda. Mosaic adayambitsa zinthu monga zithunzi ndi mawonekedwe osavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zinapangitsa kuti ogwiritsa ntchito azitha kupeza mosavuta WWW.
Chitukuko cha Zomangamanga za pa Intaneti Padziko Lonse
Kukula kwa ISP ndi Kukula kwa Exponential (1990s - 2000s)
M'zaka za m'ma 1990, Opereka Utumiki wa pa Intaneti (ISPs) anayamba kukula mofulumira, kupereka mautumiki a pa intaneti kwa ogwiritsa ntchito m'nyumba ndi m'mabizinesi. Mautumiki olumikizirana mafoni, omwe amagwiritsa ntchito mizere ya foni polumikizira intaneti, adatchuka kwambiri panthawiyo.
Kukula kwa ogwiritsa ntchito intaneti kwakwera kwambiri. Kuchokera kwa ogwiritsa ntchito masauzande ochepa kumayambiriro kwa zaka za m'ma 1990, chiwerengerochi chawonjezeka kawiri pazaka zingapo zilizonse. N'zovuta kuganiza tsopano, koma panthawiyo, ngakhale kusakatula ndi kutumiza maimelo mosavuta kumafuna nthawi ndi kuleza mtima, chifukwa cha liwiro lochepa kwambiri.
Broadband ndi Speed Revolution (zaka za m'ma 2000)
Pakati pa zaka za m'ma 2000 mpaka kumapeto kwa zaka za m'ma 2000, maukonde a intaneti (Broadband) adasintha kwambiri kuchoka pa maukonde a intaneti (dial-up) kupita pa intaneti ya intaneti (broadband). Maukonde a intaneti (broadband), omwe amaphatikizapo matekinoloje monga Digital Subscriber Line (DSL), chingwe, ndi fiber optic, amapereka liwiro lachangu kwambiri komanso kukhazikika bwino kuposa maukonde achikhalidwe a intaneti (dial-up). Ndi liwiro la intaneti lokwera, zinthu zambiri zojambulira, monga kuwonera makanema ndi ntchito zamasewera pa intaneti, zinayamba kufalikira.
Intaneti mu Nthawi Yamakono: Broadband Yam'manja ndi Yapamwamba
Mafoni Anzeru ndi Intaneti Yam'manja (2010s)
Mu zaka za m'ma 2010, chitukuko cha ukadaulo wa mafoni a m'manja ndi maukonde a mafoni a 4G chinatsegula mutu watsopano m'mbiri ya intaneti. Mafoni a m'manja, omwe amatha kugwiritsa ntchito intaneti kulikonse komanso nthawi iliyonse, adasintha njira zogwiritsira ntchito intaneti. Mapulogalamu a m'manja monga malo ochezera a pa Intaneti, mautumiki otumizirana mauthenga mwachangu, ndi mapulogalamu a e-commerce adasintha momwe timalankhulirana, kugula zinthu, komanso kucheza.
Maukonde a 5G ndi Tsogolo la Intaneti (2020s)
Tsopano, ndi kuyambitsidwa kwa ukadaulo wa 5G, dziko lapansi lili pafupi ndi kusintha kwa intaneti. 5G ikulonjeza kuthamanga kwa data kwambiri, kuchedwa kochepa kwambiri, komanso kuthekera kolumikiza zida mamiliyoni ambiri mu intaneti ya Zinthu (IoT). Ukadaulo uwu sungowonjezera ubwino wa ntchito za intaneti yam'manja komanso udzatsegula mwayi watsopano m'magawo monga chisamaliro chaumoyo, magalimoto, ndi kupanga zinthu mwanzeru.
Kutseka
Kuyambira pa ARPANET mpaka 5G, intaneti yakhala ikusintha kwambiri ndipo yakhudza kwambiri mbali iliyonse ya moyo wa anthu. Mbiri ya intaneti ndi nkhani ya mgwirizano wapadziko lonse, luso lamakono, komanso kusintha kosalekeza. Monga maziko ofunikira a nthawi ya digito, intaneti ipitiliza kusintha ndikupanga tsogolo lathu.
