Mafomula a Mphamvu Yokakamiza, Mphamvu Yokakamiza, ndi Kuthamanga
Fiziki ndi nthambi ya sayansi yomwe imaphunzira chilengedwe chonse ndi chilichonse chomwe chilimo, kuphatikizapo kuyanjana pakati pa zinthu. Limodzi mwa mfundo zazikulu mu fiziki ndi mphamvu, yomwe ingatanthauzidwe ngati kukankhira kapena kukoka komwe kumayambitsa kusintha kwa mkhalidwe wa chinthu. M'nkhaniyi, tikambirana mitundu itatu ya mphamvu zomwe zimapezeka nthawi zambiri m'moyo watsiku ndi tsiku: kukopa, kukangana, ndi kufulumira.
Kokani Mphamvu
Mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yomwe imakoka chinthu kupita ku gwero. Mphamvu imeneyi ingachokere ku magwero osiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mphamvu yokoka, mphamvu ya maginito, ndi mphamvu yokoka ya kasupe.
1. Mphamvu yokoka
Mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu yokoka yomwe imachitika pakati pa magulu awiri. Mphamvu imeneyi imapangitsa kuti zinthu zigwere pansi ndipo mapulaneti azikhalabe m'maulendo awo. Sir Isaac Newton adapanga njira yokoka motere:
\[
F = G \frac{m_1 m_2}{r^2}
\]
Kumene:
– \( F \) ndi mphamvu yokoka,
– \( G \) ndi mphamvu yokoka ya padziko lonse (\(6.67430 \times 10^{-11} \, \text{Nm}^2/\text{kg}^2\)),
– \( m_1 \) ndi \( m_2 \) ndi unyinji wa zinthu ziwiri,
– \( r \) ndi mtunda pakati pa malo ozungulira kulemera kwa zinthu ziwirizi.
2. Mphamvu ya Maginito
Mphamvu ya maginito ndi mphamvu yokoka kapena kukankhira komwe kumachitika pakati pa maginito kapena pakati pa maginito ndi chinthu chomwe chili ndi zinthu zamaginito. Mphamvu iyi ilibe njira yofanana ndi mphamvu yokoka chifukwa imadalira zinthu zosiyanasiyana, kuphatikizapo mphamvu ya maginito ndi mtunda pakati pa maginito.
3. Mphamvu Yokoka ya Masika
Mphamvu yokoka ya kasupe ndi mphamvu yomwe imapangidwa ndi kasupe ikatambasulidwa kapena kukakamizidwa. Mphamvu imeneyi ikugwirizana ndi lamulo la Hooke, lomwe limati mphamvu yomwe imafunika kutambasula kapena kukakamiza kasupe imagwirizana ndi kusintha kwa kutalika kwake. Fomula ya mphamvu yokoka ya kasupe ndi iyi:
\[
f = kx
\]
Kumene:
– \( F \) ndi mphamvu yokoka ya kasupe,
– \( k \) ndi nthawi yokhazikika ya masika,
– \( x \) ndi kusintha kwa kutalika kwa kasupe.
Mphamvu Yokangana
Kukangana ndi mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mayendedwe pakati pa malo awiri olumikizana. Mphamvu iyi ndi yofunika kwambiri pa moyo watsiku ndi tsiku chifukwa ingakhudze magwiridwe antchito ndi magwiridwe antchito a ntchito zosiyanasiyana ndi zida. Pali mitundu iwiri ikuluikulu ya kukangana: kukangana kosasinthasintha ndi kukangana kwa kinetic.
1. Mphamvu Yokangana Yosasunthika
Kukangana kosasunthika ndi mphamvu yomwe imaletsa malo awiri kuti ayambe kuyenda moyandikana. Mphamvu imeneyi imagwira ntchito mpaka pamalo enaake zinthu zisanayambe kuyenda. Mphamvu yayikulu yokangana kosasunthika ikhoza kupangidwa motere:
\[
f_s \leq \mu_s N
\]
Kumene:
– \( f_s \) ndi mphamvu yosasunthika yokhazikika,
– \( \mu_s \) ndi coefficient ya static friction,
– \( N \) ndi mphamvu yachibadwa (mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito molunjika pamwamba pa kukhudzana).
2. Mphamvu Yokangana ya Kinetic
Kukangana kwa kinetic ndi mphamvu yomwe imagwira ntchito motsutsana ndi mayendedwe pakati pa malo awiri omwe akuyenda kale. Kukula kwa mphamvu ya kukangana kwa kinetic kungapangidwe motere:
\[
f_k = \mu_k N
\]
Kumene:
– \( f_k \) ndi mphamvu ya kinetic friction,
– \( \mu_k \) ndi coefficient ya kinetic friction,
– \( N \) ndi mphamvu yachibadwa.
Kuthamanga
Kuthamanga ndi kusintha kwa liwiro la chinthu pakapita nthawi. Kuthamanga kumachitika pamene mphamvu ikugwira ntchito pa chinthu. Malinga ndi lamulo lachiwiri la Newton, kuthamanga kungapangidwe motere:
\[
a = \frac{F}{m}
\]
Kumene:
– \( a \) ndi kufulumizitsa,
– \( F \) ndi mphamvu yogwira ntchito pa chinthucho,
– \( m \) ndi kulemera kwa chinthucho.
Kuthamanga kungachitikenso chifukwa cha kusintha kwa kayendedwe ngakhale kuti liwiro la chinthucho limakhala losasintha. Izi nthawi zambiri zimachitika mu kayendedwe kozungulira, komwe kuthamanga kwapakati pa centripetal kumafunika kuti chinthucho chikhale m'njira yozungulira. Njira yoyendetsera kuthamanga kwapakati pa centripetal ndi iyi:
\[
a_c = \frac{v^2}{r}
\]
Kumene:
– \( a_c \) ndi kufulumira kwapakati,
– \( v \) ndi liwiro la chinthucho,
– \( r \) ndi radius ya njira yozungulira.
Kugwiritsa Ntchito Pamoyo Watsiku ndi Tsiku
1. Mphamvu Yokoka
Mphamvu yokoka ndi imodzi mwa mphamvu zomwe timakumana nazo tsiku lililonse. Mwachitsanzo, tikamadumpha, timabwerera pansi chifukwa mphamvu yokoka ya Dziko Lapansi imatikoka pansi. Kupsinjika kwa masika kumapezekanso m'zida zosiyanasiyana, monga mamba a masika ndi zoyimitsira magalimoto.
2. Mphamvu Yokangana
Kukangana n'kofunika kwambiri pa moyo wa tsiku ndi tsiku. Popanda izi, sitingathe kuyenda kapena kuyendetsa galimoto chifukwa mapazi athu kapena matayala a galimoto yathu sakanagwira pansi kapena pamsewu. Kukangana kumachitanso gawo lofunika kwambiri pakuletsa mabuleki a galimoto.
3. Kuthamanga
Kuthamanga kwa galimoto kumatha kumveka tikayamba kuyenda, kuthamanga, kapena kuyendetsa galimoto. Tikakanikiza pedal ya petrol m'galimoto, galimoto imathamanga kwambiri. Mosiyana ndi zimenezi, tikakanikiza pedal ya brake, galimoto imathamanga pang'onopang'ono (negative acceleration).
Mapeto
Kumvetsetsa mfundo za kukopa, kukangana, ndi kufulumira ndi maziko ofunikira a fizikisi ndipo kumatithandiza kufotokoza zochitika zambiri m'miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku. Mphamvu zokopa monga mphamvu yokoka ndi mphamvu ya masika, kukangana, zonse ziwiri zosasunthika komanso za kinetic, komanso kufulumira, mogwirizana ndi Malamulo a Newton, zonse zimagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri pazochitika zosiyanasiyana ndi zida zomwe timagwiritsa ntchito tsiku lililonse. Mwa kumvetsetsa njira ndi mfundo zoyambira izi, titha kumvetsetsa bwino ndikugwiritsa ntchito chidziwitso cha fizikisi m'miyoyo yathu ya tsiku ndi tsiku.
